Racism Lessons Learned Essay - 484 Words

Many things have been shared in this classroom environment. Issues have been studied that have caught the attention of the class and made them consider things that perhaps were not contemplated before. Over the past semester, one series of lessons have stood out to me more than any other. That particular set of lessons revolved around the issue of racism. Racism has taken on a new comprehension within my thoughts and mind over the course of this semester. I had always considered racism a baneful idea and an even more wicked practice. We defined it as a prejudice based upon the color of one’s skin or race. Although laws have outlawed the practice of segregation and racism, we have seen as a class that it is still practiced within a†¦show more content†¦We have seen that racism isn’t confined to the mountains of Tennessee, hills of Alabama, or plains of Mississippi. Racial discrimination is evident in every state and in many peoples. We have come to see that it is not confined to Anglo-Americans, but can affect people from all racial or ethnic backgrounds. Most importantly, this course has allowed us to view this evil from a better understanding. We have been allowed to not only define racism, but to also view the roots and causes of it. We have discussed as a class the consequences that racial intolerance has held upon our society as a whole. In our discussions and lessons about racism, we have learned about great American heroes who have stood up against bigotry. Rosa Parks, who as a young African-American woman who in 1963 refused to give up her bus seat to a white man, ignited a social revolution. Her righteous defiance led to a boycott of buses by African-Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, and also to laws that changed the legal nature of prejudice. We also learned about Martin Luther King, Jr., a man who stood against the tyranny of racial injustice by forming nonviolent protests. His marches, speeches, imprisonments, and even death ushered in the understanding of how important this issue was to our modern culture. I appreciate all that I have learned within this class. It’s not often that classes affect the way we see life. But thisShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Innocence Becomes Experience?1225 Words   |  5 Pagesaware of these types of bias about their own racial or ethnic group, it can affect how they respond to everyday situations.† This shows that Scout and Jem are in a time of their lives when racism will take effect. Not only because of the exposure do they tend to grow up faster, but also because of the lessons they learn from Calpurnia and Atticus. The symbolism of the mockingbird lingers throughout the novel, which is a symbol of innocence. M.E. Gandy writes, â€Å"The novel is of a genre called BildungsromanRead MoreIndifference Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagesstates show indifference by acting and showing racism, intolerance, and discrimination to those that are different from them. Even after everything the United States has been through, they still continue doing what t heir forefathers did before them by being indifferent to these subjects. One of the main ways the United States shows indifference is through the way they handle racism throughout their country. The American people tend to show racism towards people who are not exactly like themRead MoreThe Red Summer Of 19191038 Words   |  5 Pageskilled than the amount of people being killed in the Chicago race riots. Fighting was happening all over our country. We were killing one another because of the hatred towards racism. â€Å"The Red Summer of 1919 refers to a series of race riots that took place between May and October of that year. Although riots occurred in more than thirty cities throughout the United States, the bloodiest events were in Chicago, Washington D.C. and Elaine, Ark.† (Retreived from the About Education website : http://afroamhistoryRead MoreEssay on Racism in the Film Remember the Titans839 Words   |  4 PagesIn the movie Remember the Titans there are many lessons that every person should learn in their life. One of the m ost important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some people believe that racism is over because there are no longer any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism but that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great deal from seeing this movie. I know that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movieRead MoreThemes Found in Harper Lee ´s To Kill a Mockingbird843 Words   |  3 Pageschallenges, paradoxes, problems and painful reality of an insecure world.† In Harper Lee’s book, To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper lee sends many messages to the reader. Set in a fictitious town in Alabama in the 1930’s, one obvious theme is racism. However, while racism was the most obvious theme, it wasn’t the only one; other themes included innocence, understanding and growing up. Harper Lee also suggests how a person should react to problems around them. She shows us this through her character JeanRead MoreRacism Is Defined As Discrimination Against Someone Of A Different Race1302 Words   |  6 PagesRacism is defined as discrimination against someone of a different race based on the beliefs that one’s own race is superior (Oxford Dictionary). Racism has existed since the beginning of time, coming to light during slavery in the si xteenth century and the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s. However, racism is still prevalent in today’s society and is a topic that needs to be further addressed and discussed. According to the article, â€Å"Slavery in America† on the website History, slavery beganRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Theme Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagesdisease of racism. The storys narrator, Scout, and her brother Jem run into the â€Å"usual disease† of racism many times throughout the book. Essential themes to the story such as, courage, superstition, and prejudice express the views of both Scout and Jem on racism. The first theme that expresses Scout and Jem’s views on racism is courage. In the beginning of,To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem and Scout are between the ages of 9 and 12. The innocent and young Jem and Scout have not, yet learned the skillsRead MoreCritical Pedagogy And The Reggio Emilia1533 Words   |  7 PagesIt has been formulated and influenced by many psychologists and philosophers including John Dewey and Paulo Freire. Critical pedagogy is an attempt at freedom from oppression through democratic critical thinking. In critical pedagogy the knowledge learned within the classroom should correlate with and not be separated from any social structure, culture, politics, economics or any ideology taking place with society. The idea is, that in order to orchestrate change, individuals must become aware of theRead MoreImproving Awareness Of The Indigenous Peoples And Cultures1478 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale: The lesson sequence targets AITSL Standard 2.4 and affords Indigenous Australian peoples justice by helping to destroy misconceptions about them, their histories and their cultures. Unfortunately, Australian schools have been identified as a major setting of race-based discrimination (Lester, 2000, p.12). However, children and adolescents are at periods of substantial development in cognitive, social and emotional skills when they are at school (Aboud Levy, 2000, p. 270) and schoolsRead MoreKill A Mockingbird : Five Paragraph Analysis1288 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel travels a thin line between a light-hearted narrative of the siblings’ childhood with their single father, a defense attorney named Atticus Finch, and the injustices that arise within their close-knit community. The complexities include extreme racism, a peculiar social hierarchy, and general misunderstandings of certain people within the small town. These are all seen as â€Å"Maycomb ways†, almost as if they are considered facts. Through her writing, Lee conveys an important message that an essential

Mngt 5000 Term Paper Free Essays

MNGT 5000 May 14, 2010 Term Paper There are many issues that companies face every day that could potentially be managed in a different way. The issue that I would like to review is an issue that is in the forefront of the news these days. It is hard to say when there might be some sort of resolution to this issue, based on the size and impact to the environment and economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Mngt 5000 Term Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The most recent issue occurred on April 20, 2010. This was when the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded and sunk into the Gulf of Mexico 2 days later. Along with this explosion, there were 11 people reported missing and are assumed dead. The larger problem that British Petroleum has experienced since this explosion is a blow out preventer (BOP) that failed. This failed BOP has caused a horrible oil leak that is gushing from the ocean floor. The initial estimates were that the leak would be around 1,000 barrels or 42,000 gallons per day. This number has since skyrocketed from the initial estimates. As of May 13, this number is now thought to be as high as 70,000 barrels per day, or 2,940,000 gallons. With the amount of oil that is leaking into the Gulf of Mexico from this incident give it the potential to be the worst oil spill in US history. The previous largest oil spill in US history was the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill that occurred on March 24, 1989. As a comparison, the Valdez spill lost 250,000 barrels of oil, or 10,500,000 gallons. It was not until 1992 that the clean up from this spill was completed. From the estimated numbers, the current spill will eclipse the Valdez spill in only a matter of days. Given the fact that the Valdez spill took 3 years to clean up, we can only speculate as to how long it might take to clean up the effects of the Deepwater Horizon. The main problem that BP is immediately faced with is how to control and stop the Deepwater Horizon leak. There have been many suggestions as to what approach they should take. British Petroleum has had to utilize the planning process and try to implement several different strategies since April 22, 2010. While the typical planning process might take several weeks or months, BP had to speed this process up. Their goal is to try and minimize the impact to the Gulf of Mexico and the surrounding environment. Planning is necessary to help drive a structured process for making decisions about the goal they are trying to reach. There are 6 main steps involved in a formal planning process. The first step in the planning process is situational analysis. This first step most likely started for BP on April 20th after the explosion happened. This is when all relevant information about the plan is gathered, interpreted and summarized. For this situation, it most likely included studying past events, the current conditions and trying to forecast future events. The next step in the planning process is to review alternative goals and plans that might have been identified through the situational analysis. A goal is a certain target that is set by a manager that they hope to reach. The alternative goal that BP needs to try to achieve as quickly as possible is to stop the leak that is gushing from the ocean floor. The book Management: Leading Collaborating in the Competitive World outlines a very helpful acronym to ensure you gather certain qualities in the goals you set. The acronym identified is SMART. This stands for Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound. There are parts of this acronym that are a little more sensitive for BP than some of the other pieces. The time bound is the part that sticks out in my mind. The longer it takes to contain the leak from the ocean floor, the larger the impact to the environment and to BP financially. As of May 13, the oil has been leaking from the Deepwater Horizon site for 24 days. It appears that BP has come up with many alternative plans to try and address and contain the oil leak that the failed BOP has created. Next we will review the different plans that BP has established and how some of them have been working so far. A plan is defined as how the management staff plans to achieve the outlined goals. BP has presented several plans that they will use to try and achieve their goal. The first plan that they will try to implement is to lower a containment box over the leak that will then funnel the oil to the surface and into an oil tanker. This will be the quickest option that they can try to put in place to stop the leak. Another option that they will try to implement at the same time is to drill a relief well, but this could take up to 3 months to complete. Once the alternatives have been reviewed, we move to step three which is to evaluate the goals and plan. All of this planning has to be completed in a very tight time frame for BP, because as the time passes, the oil continues to leak. During this step, management will review the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative goals and plan from step 2. The drilling of a relief well has a huge disadvantage due to the time frame. This step also includes prioritizing and potentially eliminating some of the goals. Step 4 is the Goal and Plan Selection. After having reviewed and prioritized the goals in the last step, this is where the decision will actually be made on which goal and plan is most feasible. After the selection has been made, the following step is to implement plans to achieve the goals that have been outlined. As of May 7, British Petroleum has started to implement their plan of lowering a container over the leaking well. Once everything is implemented, the final step is to monitor and control the work that is being done. The container was successfully lowered into place, however ice crystals started to form and blocked the pipe that would deliver the oil to the surface. BP has now had to resort to some of their back up or alternative plans. Some other ideas that have been presented in this process include using a smaller containment dome, shooting junk into the well to clog the hole, and siphoning the oil into a tanker at the surface. With these different plans in place, BP will have to ensure that they have a good strategy if another alternate fails. The definition of strategy is a pattern of actions and resource allocations designed to achieve the organization’s goals. Planning and strategy go hand in hand. BP will need to use some strategic management in dealing with this situation. Strategic management is basically a strategic planning process that has six major steps. The first step is to establish a mission, vision and goals. The mission is short statement that describes the purpose of the organization. The vision is what the organization hopes to accomplish in the future. BP has their company mission and vision statement listed on their site as their values. The sites states â€Å"BP wants to be recognized as a great company – competitively successful and a force for progress. We have a fundamental belief that we can make a difference in the world. We help the world meet its growing need for heat, light and mobility. We strive to do that by producing energy that is affordable, secure and doesn’t damage the environment. BP is progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven. † The second step in this process is to do an analysis of external opportunities and threats. This includes understanding the different forces that might affect the company’s mission and vision. This is a unique situation for BP, due to the fact that they are trying to live up to their values, while trying to prevent an environmental disaster that could potentially tarnish their name for quite some time. After reviewing external factors, step 3 is to complete an analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses. There are many aspects to an organization that can be reviewed a couple of key parts to be reviewed would be resources available and core competencies. Resources can fall into two categories, tangible and intangible. Steps 2 and 3 provide a good foundation of information for step 4, which is SWOT Analysis and Strategy Formulation. Once the SWOT analysis is complete, there are several different strategies to consider based on the type of business that is in operation. For BP and this situation, I would think that they would need to implement a functional strategy. Once the type of strategy has been decided upon, step 5 is strategy implementation. During this step, BP would need to ensure that the strategy is being implemented efficiently and effectively. Once implemented, this takes us to the final step, which is strategic control. I believe this control will not be in place until the leak has been contained. In this final step, typically there is a system to help support management in evaluating how the organization is doing with the strategy. Overall, BP has an enormous task that they are faced with. It will take good planning and strategy to resolve the issue as quickly as possible. They are faced with having to contain one of the largest oil spills in US history. It is hard to accurately measure the true amount of oil that is leaking from the well; however there are several estimates of how much oil is leaking per day, ranging from 1000 to 70,000 barrels. As of May 13, 2010, BP has had to resort to alternate plans due to their initial attempt failing. It will be interesting to watch the news and see how BP continues to manage the situation. It is almost guaranteed that the government will intervene at some point, possibly by implementing new laws around off shore drilling. We can only hope that the impact to the environment is not too great, but there have already been reports of dead animals and tar balls washing ashore. It is hard to think that there would be no impact with so much oil leaking into the ocean. I still remember the images from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. I can only imagine we will start to see some of the same images in the future from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Let’s hope that BP’s management staff has all the tools necessary to have a strong plan in place to rectify this problem. Bibliography Robertson, C Lipton, E (2010, April 30). BP Is Criticized Over Oil Spill, but U. S. Missed Chances to Act. New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/01/us/01gulf. html The Valdez Oil Spill. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www. exxonmobil. com/corporate/about_issues_valdez. aspx Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill Gulf Oil Spill Layers. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http://maps. google. com/maps/mpl? moduleurl=http://mw1. google. com/mw-earth-vectordb/disaster/gulf_oil_spill/gulf_oil_mapplet. xmlmapclient=googlehl=en Weber, H. amp; Burdeau, C (2010, May 6). Expedition to contain oil leak begins in Gulf. Associated Press. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http://www. google. com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gIXWYBTpLtSayJtg41LKXpxSxVPAD9FH9GN80 Resnick-Ault, J. Polson, C (2010, May 11). BP to Try Again to Control Oil Leak as Hearings Start (Update3). Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http://www. business week. com/news/2010-05-11/bp-to-try-again-to-control-oil-leak-as-hearings-start-update3-. html What we stand for. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http://www. bp. com/sectiongenericarticle. do? categoryId=9002630contentId=7005204 How to cite Mngt 5000 Term Paper, Essays

Grade Essay free essay sample

George Washington was the first president Of the united States Of America as well as one of its founding fathers. When he resigned from office and gave his farewell address, he stated three of his opinions that would be very influential in the development of the United States. During that farewell address, he addressed two very important issues. First was that the United States of America should remain in the most neutral position possible when it came to foreign affairs (this would be ignored by latter presidents).Second was that no political parties should be formed within the new government. These were significant statements because they helped to shape the foundation and cultural beginnings of the new American government. In addition to his farewell advice, he informally set the presidential term limit to two terms, a tradition which has been upheld to this day with very few exceptions. (Note: FDA was the only president to hold three terms) These opinions were important to him because he believed that they would enable the people to grow together as one strong, unified nation. We will write a custom essay sample on Grade Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While his ideals were certainly not held up forever, they allowed us to build up our country fore civil war broke out among the southern and northern states. President Thomas Jefferson was also a very important and influential president because of his strong opinions on creating a unifying domestic policy. His opinions about the power given to the president were also important. In one of his most famous moments he said, Mel are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. This was a very important moment because it demonstrated an emerging American spirit and encouraged one of the ideals instilled by George Washington.By unifying the people of the efferent parties as Americans, he helped to promote a feeling of unity among the states. This was one of the ideals promoted by George Washington when he warned America not to form political parties; its the same issue Of unity, just addressed from a different angle. It also helped to calm the growing distress and conflict between the Republican and Federalist parties. Another very important accomplishment that happened when Jefferson was in office was the Louisiana Purchase. While it was significant because it more than doubled the size of the United States, it was also a source of much debate.In the arguments against Jefferson there were many people who believed that the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional. Most prominent was whether the President had the power to spend 15 million dollars on a segment of land without the approval of the people (Congress, etc). His choice to spend the money was important because it basically said, Im the president and I have power. His actions dont directly reflect his stated beliefs in strong state government, but they do illustrate the fact that he often chose the most pragmatic route in his decisions and put the good of the country over his personal beliefsJohn Marshall, the first Supreme Court justice, was a very influential figure because his beliefs and opinions developed and gave power to the Supreme Court and the judiciary branch for the first time. One of the most important contributions he made for the Su preme Court was the concept of judicial review. After the case of Mammary Vs. . Madison, the Supreme Court was given the power to review laws, and court cases in order to determine whether a law or case was constitutional. John Marshall also extended the power of the Supreme Court to cover all matters not explicitly mentioned to be governed in the state.

Learn More about 4 Major Types of Academic Essays

Essay writing is the most frequent high school and college assignment that allows evaluating student’s skills, knowledge of the particular subject, and valuable life experiences. This task is an integral part of any course, and failing it means reducing your overall GPA. The fact that several different types of academic essays exist makes it more complicated and confusing to complete this assignment. We recommend reading this short post about the basic types of papers to understand the nature and purposes of each. 4 Different Types of Essays to Focus On There are four main kinds of essays, and the rest of them are subcategories. You should select the proper format to respond to the prompt properly. For instance, if you have to prove something to your audience, an informative essay won’t work. A persuasive one is the type of paper written to convince the readers. Thus, take a look at the major essay types explaining what each of them serves for. Narrative essay This type of academic writing refers to telling a story. It is the most widespread type of writing as world-known authors choose it to share their stories. The main idea is to retell an episode from real life in an engaging, exciting manner. Students should write about themselves. The main goal is to make your story vivid. It is the only essay except for the application paper that should be written in the first person. You can make it a reflective paper. Descriptive essay This type of paper should offer as many details as possible, so such parts of speech as adjectives and adverbs are the main tools of a writer. You should be able to paint a specific picture in words. Use words instead of colors and other visual elements. It is up to you whether to describe a person, event, object, etc. Through the detailed description, it is possible to communicate a deeper message to the audience. A simple thing like a table can become something more if you explain what role it played when you were a little child. Expository essay A balanced analysis of the chosen topic is the heart of any expository essay. The purpose is to provide useful information on some issue that might be unknown to the reader. You should not involve only general knowledge – use credible sources of information to offer something more. A writer must operate with facts, statistics, and examples to make the topic as clear as possible. You may choose to write a compare and contrast essay where you find differences and similarities between some objects, people, or events. Another option is a cause and effect essay created to provide reasons for something to happen and possible or real consequences. You may also list preventive measures in such type of essay. Finally, you can pick one of the analytical papers like process analysis. It should look like a â€Å"how-to guide† so that the readers will be able to repeat an experiment and get the desired outcomes by following your instructions. Persuasive essay A persuasive paper is something more than an argumentative one. You should first state your position regarding the specific problem like you do in argumentative writing, but the primary objective is to convince the audience in the truth of your idea. You should prove that your point of view is the only correct in a particular situation. However, you should still offer the opposing points of view to make your writing sound objective and persuasive. How about Other Types of Essay Formats? We have not recalled some other subcategories of academic writing. Some of the youngest students may face writing a definition essay. This one should interpret the specific term using the official definitions from the dictionaries as well as writer’s best guess and examples from real life. In a synthesis paper, a student should pick a piece of text and provide an in-depth analysis of it based on personal impression and additional materials. There is also a problem-solution essay. In such type of writing, a student should offer the specific issue that requires immediate solutions. By the end of the text, he or she should offer the ways out as well as some forecasts for the future. An extended essay is an integral part of the IB diploma. Students who wish to pass IB tests successfully should learn how to write lengthy papers with detailed research and explanation of the problem. Many other types of academic essays exist. They can be based on the subject that you study (for example, nursing or psychology essay) or specific topic (e.g., â€Å"Animal Farm† essay). You should keep in mind one thing: these tasks are all equally important for your development, so try to catch up with all of them! If it seems impossible or overwhelming, you can always count on the professional writing help from our experts, and buy original essays online without any efforts. We have already assisted hundreds of other students and surely can help you out!

Immigration and Ethnic Relations

Immigration and Ethnic Relations There are many reasons behind immigration, men and women from different countries are usually motivated by the need for economic prosperity. Women, in their pursuit of better opportunities experience challenges related to barriers that exist in regards to immigration matters. The aim of this paper is to examine women’s situation in regard to immigration and ethnic relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration and Ethnic Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Government migration policies and traditional gender expectations are often against the emigration of women. The regulations placed discriminate against women oriented occupations in the home countries. In the host countries, women are effectively locked out by policies that negatively target family reunification. In addition to the issues stated earlier, women eventually migrate via human traffickers who often exploit them sexually. This unde rscores the challenges that women face, especially those women who emigrated alone. Furthermore, after those challenges women are often have to engage in exploitative, semi skilled and sometimes sexually abusive jobs. Indeed, the demand for female sexual emigrants has gone high causing physical and emotional losses to women who got in sexually abusive jobs. The benefits of emigration may seem to be positive and varied but upon a closer look a dirty underbelly is revealed. Upon immigration, women have the chance to engage in economic activities that lead to raised economic status. Consequently, improved economic status leads to raised social profiles hence women get power to demand equality from men. This may be regarded as female liberation in regard to immigrant women. However, taking into consideration the low paid, unskilled and often exploitative or abusive jobs available in host countries, the justification of female liberation is untenable. Men often enjoy considerable privil eges due to traditional gender expectations in many countries. When emigrated married women get good jobs and provide the families, they often have less time for household responsibilities and thus, these responsibilities are shared between wife and husband. Hence, it is hard for men to accept changed domestic roles in their families. They may therefore resist efforts to bring gender equality resulting into double responsibilities and frustration for women. However, according to another opinion, women get a chance to gain from immigration and improve their economic and social statuses.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The causes of emigration for women especially those with families are to ensure care and family reunion. One of the main aims of the emigrated women, especially those who left their families, is to ensure care for their relatives and consequent reunion with them. However, as usually low paid jobs are available for such women, they experience exploitation, abusive attitudes and often low payment which make their lives very difficult. In addition, gender discrimination and low regard from relatives who have traditional mentalities against women heavily exert on them. Therefore, women are under more pressure to conform when compared to immigrant men (Tsuda 45). Women in addition to seeking economic success may be forced to move away from intolerant home countries to escape persecution, exploitation and sometimes environmental disasters. Men in pursuit of economic liberation usually abdicate their responsibilities thus leaving wives with the family burdens to handle alone. This paper supports that women loose more than men in matters related to migration. On a high frequency, women’s rights are trampled upon in the search for prosperity and economic status when compared to men. Men are favored from either home or host countrie s and they sometimes contribute to gender inequality. They do not support women equality, as well as renounce their responsibilities in immigrant transnational families. Tsuda, Takeyuki. Immigration and Ethnic Relations in the U.S (Revised Edition), New York: University Readers, 2012. Print.

Loan Translations

Loan Translations Loan Translations Loan Translations By Maeve Maddox Vocabulary borrowings from other languages take many forms, one of which is the loan translation or calque. The English word calque derives from French calquer â€Å"to trace.† It refers to a word or a phrase that has been translated word-for-word from its foreign origin. Because English is a Germanic language, it’s not surprising that we have numerous calques that originated as German expressions. Here are a few: superman from à ¼bermensch hang glider from Hngegleiter flamethrower from Flammenwerfer gummy bear from the product name Gummibrchen (little gummy bear) loanword from Lehnwort Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.) from Intelligenzquotient Rainforest from Regenwald Watershed from Wasserscheide World war from Weltkrieg Note: In Nietzschean thought, the à ¼bermensch is the ideal superior man of the future who transcends conventional Christian morality to create and impose his own values. The German word werfer (â€Å"thrower†) is used in sports to refer to the bowler in cricket and the pitcher in baseball. Here are some calques from the French: deaf-mute from sourd-muet free verse from vers libre rhinestone from caillou du Rhin Note: The historical term deaf-mute, â€Å"unable to hear or speak,† is now considered by some to be insensitive or derogatory; a replacement term is â€Å"hearing- and speech-impaired.† German also has Rheinkiesel which, like caillou du Rhin, means â€Å"Rhine-pebble.† Latin calques: Milky Way (the galaxy that contains Earth’s solar system) from via lactea â€Å"Rest in Peace† from requiescat in pace â€Å"in a nutshell† from in nuce Calquing goes both ways. Computing terms coined in English have been calqued into other languages. For example, French disque dur, carte mà ¨re, souris, and en ligne for English hard disk, motherboard, mouse, and online. Related post: Loanwords and Calques Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationUsing "zeitgeist" Coherently

Forum on Congress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum on Congress - Essay Example The introduction of the bill to the houses is followed by reference of the bill to a special committee by the speaker of the house and Senate’s leader. The committees are given time to study the bill and sub-committees are invited to amend or add on to the bill after approval by the house (Smith et. al., 2007). The committee of house rules later receives the new bill and sets the limits and rules for the bill. The committee of house rules hands the bill to the house and senate. The house considers the rules attached, and after approving them, debate on the bill kicks off. The period for debate and amendment of the bill is not specified (Dewhirst & Rausch, 2007). A conference committee receives the bill after a vote by the house and the senate and harmonizes the changes made by the house with those of the senate. The house and the senate approve the harmonized bill and votes on it. The bill is then handed to the president to either approve or disapprove it. The president can automatically sign the bill if satisfied with it. It is within the president’s discretion to veto the bill or decline to sign the bill. If the congress is in session, vetoing the bill or declining to sign it renders it a law after the lapse of ten days (Smith et. al., 2007). The president can pocket veto the bill if the congress is going on recession thereby killing the

Russia Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russia Revolution - Essay Example The traditional Monarchy had increasingly become so weak and continuously got defeated in several wars. The empire became vulnerable which culminated to severe reactionary. Nicholas had total control over the activities and army (Beckwith 67). Nicholas II refused calls to incorporate people in his leadership and hence masses poked holes and became discontented with his leadership that raised several questions. He took much time with family interest and became obsessed to retain his privileges and naively believed being a God-chosen leader. Nicholas was forced to dissolve the Duma and joined the war front which made him loose his position as this became more detrimental to him. The Nicholas II had long seen his grandfather’s assassination as well and witnessed his father’s responding to the assassination amidst brutal oppression of the people. The attempts by Nicholas to imitate the further approaches to the resistance did not augur well with already dissatisfied masses. The people vowed to oust Nicholas II following the ever emerging rebellious movements. Nicholas make several incident by incident concessions following the increased unrest caused by the imposition of oppressions. These concessions culminated into the inception of the first ever constitution and Russian Parliament. The concession persisted, and Nicholas II grip of power weakened hence opening the door for his ousting in January 1917. The successive wars weakened the emperor such as The Crimean war that lasted between 1854 and 1856. Another war was The Russo-Turkish that was occurred during 1877-78. Another severe war was Russo-Japanese War that lasted between 1904 and 1905, as well as The World War I of 1914-18. These wars spent tax revenue and manpower. The country suffered due to war defeats with only Turkish win. This weakened the nation and fueled the discontent amongst the

Multiple Performance Measurement Standards Essay Example for Free

Multiple Performance Measurement Standards Essay Performance measurement is a modest thought without a basic definition. Basically, performance measurement investigates the prosperity of a work assembly, modify, or conglomerations exertions by contrasting information on what really happened with what was arranged or expected. Performance measurement asks Is advancement being made to sought objectives? Are suitable exercises being undertaken to advertise accomplishing those objectives? Are there issue ranges that need consideration? Auspicious ventures that can serve as a model for others? Performance measurement is the choice and utilization of quantitative measures of limits, courses of action, and conclusions to advance informative data about discriminating parts of exercises, incorporating their impact on the people (Safavi, 2006). Discussion Performance Measure Sadly, there is no precisely regarding our group utilization of the expression performance measure. Different individuals have extremely clear and distinctive definitions for what constitutes the measure part. The exceptional news is that granted that there are numerous diverse plans regarding what a measure is, there is one commonality around them: A performance measure measures somethingusually advance to a destination or objective. So it doesnt make a difference assuming that we call it a performance measure or a performance marker or, in a few cases, a performance standard. What matters is the idea: A performance measure measures something. Heres a great, straightforward meaning of a performance measure: A Performance Measure is the particular quantitative representation of a limit, process, or result esteemed pertinent to the appraisal of performance. Performance Standard A Performance Standard is a for the most part acknowledged, objective standard of measurement for example a tenet or guideline against which a conglomerations level of performance could be analyzed. A performance standard creates the level of performance envisioned (Penrod, et al. 2012). Norms might be expressive or numerical. An enlightening standard describes certain framework parts or certain exercises – that is, sure limits or forms – that are needed to be set up. Here are some example unmistakable performance gauges: * A framework for transmittable illness observation and control might be administered. * The neighborhood open health framework is actively included in the improvement and audit of open health approaches. * The qualified information frameworks in utilization empower the gathering, utilization, and correspondence of information. Aspect of Performance Management Performance administration is your main event with the qualified information youve improved from measuring performance. Performance administering methods utilizing performance measurement qualified data to maintain your open health limit and forms: for instance, to audit benefits and projects; evaluate and amend objectives and destinations; evaluate advance against targets; lead worker assessments; and form and advocate plans. Pros and Cons The performance measures you select will rely on and reflect your ability to complete your live up to expectations. You would prefer not to attempt to do more in performance measurement than the limit accessible to you permits. For instance, advancing measures that need factual investigation abilities to which you dont have access is counterproductive. At the time you havent got the accounts or base or other required limit to measure certain methods or conclusions, submitting to those measures in the trust of advancing the limit can set you up for washout (Chiesa, et al. 2009). The measures could introduce an impression of your work that doesnt do it equity and veil generally great ventures. Conclusion Yet open health profits in the performance measurement wander by having set up two held-in as relatable point structural systems for all open health drill: the three center capacities and the key open health administrations. These systems might be utilized to assist comprehend the nature of the work we do and to describe measures of its performance. Furthermore open health has a broadly concurred upon and noteworthy set of goals – Healthy People 2000 and 2010 – that could be utilized as objectives, guidelines, or some other measure of performance by people; work bunches, arrangements, or different conglomerations; or crosswise over gatherings, customizes, or associations.

Actions And Behavior Of The President Essay -- essays research papers

Actions and Behavior of the President The broad language of the second article of the Constitution left many questions about the power and authority of the President and the Executive branch of the Federal Government. Since George Washington, each Chief Executive has come to the position with different beliefs on the responsibility and power of the President. However the performance of the president is often shaped by outside factors which control how he must act as a Chief Executive. The behavior of presidents come from a number of different criteria. A president's personal character, his approach to the position and circumstances during his term all contribute to presidential behavior. Presidents have approached the office from two vague positions. They have believed, to varying degrees, that either the president has a strong leadership position and broad powers to direct the nation in one direction, or that the president has very limited powers dictated by the Constitution and should act like a chief administrator for the Federal Government. These beliefs were reflected in their behavior while in the White House. Franklin Roosevelt believed that the Federal Government had an obligation and interest in bringing the nation out of the depression. In order to do this he initiated a number of agencies and projects to employ people. In the first "Hundred Days" of Roosevelt's first term he initiated a number of programs which increased the size of the Federal Government and the power of the President. He did all that he could to see that his proposals were put into place. This included a failed court packing scheme to have a more friendly Supreme Court to find his programs constitutional (Lowi and Ginsberg 230.) In contrast to this belief in broad presidential authority by Franklin Roosevelt was Howard Taft. Taft believed that Presidential authority was very limited the constitution and had to be specifically granted to the President by Congress or the Constitution (Lowi and Ginsberg 220.) Another example of a passive approach to the presidency to is George Washington. While he is often seen as a very influential president, his position as the first President require that he had to set many standards. In fact President Washington hoped that the presidency would not be dominate. In his inaugural address he argued for a strong legislature which he r... ...t must deal with, it does not necessarily explain how he comes to a position on issues and deals with problems. The behavior of a President can only be explained as a combination of many factors. His personal politics and approach to the power of the Presidency will explain if he will try to lead the whole government and beyond that the whole nation, or if he will act as a clerk, putting into action the orders of Congress. A Presidents character and style of leadership are an important factor in his approach to leadership. The size and duty of the Federal Government also effect a President's behavior and the priorities of his office. Finally a President must react to events at home and abroad which are out of his control. The pressures that these events and the public reaction to them probably have the greatest influence over his behavior and decisions. Actions and behavior of a President are the result of a complex set of circumstances. No one criteria can be used to explain the behavior of the president in any event. Explaining actions on the basis of one criteria is futile and should be reserved to talk radio hosts.

Standards & Discipline: “Discipline” Video Case Study

Facilitator: Watching the video twice often ensures that participants are prepared to discuss the issues. Remember that SSG John Diem volunteered to share this story and served admirably and heroically in combat. Video summary: John Diem discusses the importance of discipline within the unit and the individual. â€Å"Just because you are overseas does not mean you do not continue to follow rules/standards/disciplines. You may not understand the reasoning behind these rules, but as professionals, you are expected to enforce and adhere to them. Length: 2:59 ? SSG Diem says, â€Å"When you allow your lack of understanding of these rules to become how you lead Soldiers and you allow yourself to discount them, that’s when you start having a negative effect. † o What should a leader do when they don’t understand Army rules & standards? o Have your group write down and discuss when they’ve enforced a particular standard. ? Diem says, â€Å"So I don’t exp ect lieutenants, sergeants, privates, even staff-sergeants to understand all of these rules. But I think the Army has the right to expect them to enforce them. † o What do you think of this statement? o How can a leader use their military expertise to learn rules in order to enforce them? o Ask the group to share what impact a leader’s misunderstanding of rules or SOPs had on them as a subordinate? ? Diem also said, of upholding standards, â€Å"You have to find when to ease up on that and (when to) harshly enforce it. † o How can â€Å"easing up† on a standard affect the performance of duties?

Gothic Literature: the Fascination with Terror

Traci L. Pugh Dr. Amber Reagan-Kendrick ENG 45023-SU-2012-OA Seminar in American Literature 8 August 2012 Gothic Literature: The Fascination with Terror People have an intrinsic fear of the dark and the unknown. While each person’s level of anxiety and object of terror are different, the fascination to reveal them has inspired Gothic authors such as Mary Shelley, Edgar Allan Poe, Stephen King, and Stephenie Meyer for three centuries. Subjects of these classic tales include vampires, reanimation of the dead, ghosts, murder, witches, and love.These stories and poems can terrify audiences because they can encompass reality of things people cherish with a twist of the impossible. Gothic writers use terror, mystery, and excitement to probe the dark aspects of life by exposing inner human fear. Mary Shelley was a Romantic Gothic author, and it is speculated that Frankenstein symbolizes â€Å"internal conflicts and life experiences with what may have been their manifestations in the fictionalized characters she created† (D’Amato 117). She was orphaned at an early age, and death was no stranger to her due to the deaths of her sister and her husband’s first wife.Mary feared giving birth, mainly because her mother died eleven days after giving birth to her, but D’ Amato proposes that she â€Å"may have believed any child she produced would inherit the repressed, hated, and destructive parts of herself† (122). Shelley’s work may have mirrored her life, but it was common for Gothic authors of this time to write about â€Å"the nation’s dreams, and their own† (â€Å"Gothic Undercurrents†). The early nineteenth century was a time of fear due to rapid changes in the nation: abolition, the Great Depression, war, and the bank crisis.These events gave Americans the feeling that â€Å"life was an experiment that had gone horribly wrong,† and these writers explored this fear with prose (â€Å"Gothic Unde rcurrents†). This newfound style of writing exposed the dark side of humanity, but it also questioned the mystery of unsolvable problems. These works probed the demons of the nation and the writers. Frankenstein began as Mary Shelley’s dream in 1816, and her tale of loneliness, reanimating the dead, murder, guilt, and revenge has been dubbed a literary classic.The main character, Victor Frankenstein, believes he has discovered the secret of life and proclaims, â€Å"Darkness had no effect upon my fancy; and a church-yard was to me merely the receptacle of bodies deprived of life, which, from being the seat of beauty and strength, had become food for the worm† (Shelley 79). Once the monster is created, it feels abandoned and starts killing. The creature inadvertently causes the death of an innocent girl. Victor realizes his creation is lonely, and nothing more than an abomination, so he decides to destroy it.A journey into the mountains ensues, but a crack in the ice divides their paths. When Frankenstein dies, the monster comes to see him and says, â€Å"Blasted as thou wert, my agony was still superior to thine; for the bitter sting of remorse may not cease to rankle in my wounds until death shall close them for ever† (Shelley 244). This story reveals the idea that the dead, once reanimated, are like an angry child who lashes out at a parent who has betrayed them. The feeling of abandonment was what Shelley tried to capture in this morbid tale of love and loss, and this theme would continue with future authors.Edgar Allan Poe, considered a Victorian Gothic, was also an orphan whose life seemed to be full of disaster. He suffered an unmerciful surrogate father, was kicked out of the University of Virginia, dropped out of West Point, married his thirteen year old cousin, and lived in poverty with his freelance lifestyle (Doctorow 241). The driving force behind his work was that he embraced his own misery because he believed that his s uffering was natural. His stories were written in the mid-nineteenth century, and people were still afraid of their uncertain futures.Poe used this to his benefit in what he called, â€Å"Imp of the Perverse – the force within us that causes us to do just what brings on our destruction† (241). This kind of thinking was the basis for many of his stories, and most of his characters were the reason for their own problems and demise. Poe â€Å"worked hard at structuring his tales of aristocratic madmen, self-tormented murderers, neurasthenic necrophiliacs, and other deviant types to produce the greatest possible horrific effects on his readers† (Baym 674).He was quite successful in this endeavor, as most people associate Poe’s name with dark, horrific, murderous tales. His â€Å"Philosophy of Composition† tells of his belief that â€Å"the supreme subject for a poem is the death of a beautiful woman† (Doctorow 242). This is evident in one of his most famous poems, â€Å"The Raven. † Possibly one of Poe’s most maddening poems, â€Å"The Raven† is rhythmic and could be set to music with constant mention of the door, Lenore, evermore, and nevermore. The use of vivid imagery causes the reader to see this black raven sitting on the door pecking at it.The main character is a man grieving for his lost love, Lenore, and he believes the knocking sound is her returning. The raven says but one word, â€Å"Nevermore. † The man wonders what this means, and asks the bird if it is a messenger from God or the devil. Again the Raven says, â€Å"Nevermore. † Spiraling into madness and grief, he begs the bird, â€Å"Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door. Quoth the Raven, ‘Nevermore’† (Poe 74). The Raven stays at the door and forever torments the man with his repetitive call.This uncertainty about death was a Gothic specialty, and the introduction of animals and their mysterious qualities would prove to inspire future writers. A century later, tales of Modern Horror would build on their macabre roots and incorporate popular culture to terrify readers like never before. Stephen King, often named the master of horror, has petrified audiences with tales of demonic cars, possessed children, undead pets and people, aliens, and the inherent evil in all people. King’s inspiration stems from â€Å"his own life experiences and fantasies, popular culture, and his reading of archaic burial lore† (Nash 151).Even though most literary critics do not agree with his writing style, horror fans are mesmerized by the images he creates. King and Shelley both play on fears â€Å"such as the problematic nature and popular fear of science and technology† (151), but King is â€Å"more willing to tackle explicitly cultural issues as opposed to the traditional Gothic preoccupation with personality and character† (152). Many of Kingâ⠂¬â„¢s stories concentrate on a fear of the dead, but they also raise the question of whether the dead want to come back and the consequences that follow.Love is a powerful thing and people never want to let go of a loved one, but at what expense are they willing to have that person back? Stephen King’s scariest tale, Pet Sematary, asks and answers this very question by illustrating a modern family and the horrific, yet normal, happenings that tear the family apart and invoke the need for the supernatural. The Creeds move to a new house in Maine to start a new life. Mr. Creed is a doctor at the University, and he befriends the old neighbor next door. The neighbor tells of an Indian burial ground beyond the pet cemetery where the dead can come back.The family cat, Church, is killed by a truck on the busy road in front of the house, and Mr. Creed desperately buries the body in the â€Å"magic circle† of the burial ground to keep from telling this horror to his daughter. The cat comes back to life, but is â€Å"changed, if not psychotic† (Nash 156). Soon, the youngest son, Gage, meets the same disastrous fate as the cat. The father is consumed with grief and frantically buries the little boy in the same place. Gage comes back in the same fashion as the cat and kills his mother and the neighbor.Even though the father is a doctor, and knows what the monster that resembles his son is capable of, he again makes a journey to the burial ground to bury his wife. He sits and waits for her to arrive. Love makes people desperate and willing to cross unrealistic boundaries in order to escape pain. Writers have used the connection between love and death to explore new avenues in horror. Stephenie Meyer has spellbound audiences with her Twilight series by introducing us to a world of supernatural beings, jealousy, ancient pacts, and love.Much like her Gothic predecessors, Meyers uses her dreams and popular culture to inspire her tales. Her vampires differ from the earlier versions in that â€Å"our vampires reflect our fears of new, changing or dissolved boundaries† (Mutch 76). New topics, such as â€Å"violent intolerance in the U. S. and elsewhere† are revealed by her characters going â€Å"to great lengths to hide their true identity† (78). This new generation of creatures reflect the thirst for blood and supernatural strength of the original monsters that began this era, but a regard for human life sets these apart.The overall view of the Twilight series, by Stephenie Meyer, is that love conquers all, even death. Much like Gothic literature itself, this story involves centuries of vampires hiding from the light to maintain existence among their prey. The human girl, Bella, is in love with a vampire, Edward, and they know that being together is impossible. She is willing to end her life and join his dark world, but he is unwilling to claim her mortality. In the same spirit as Frankenstein, Edward sees his cre ator as a father figure, but laments his own vile existence.It is revealed that her best friend, Jacob, who is also in love with her, is a werewolf. The vampires and the werewolves have a pact, but it will be breached if Bella joins the vampires. There are constant struggles between the humans, vampires, and the werewolves, but the undying love between Bella and Edward is unyielding. The two finally marry, and a baby is conceived that almost kills Bella. Although he has fought it diligently, Edward is forced to ferociously inject his venom into her lifeless body to save her in childbirth.The baby is half vampire and human, and instantly demonstrates supernatural powers, and captivates Jacob, which ends the battle between the coven and the clan. The book ends with a glimpse into the beauty of becoming a vampire when Bella remembers the first moments after she wakes as a newborn vampire: â€Å"his face when I’d opened my eyes to my new life, to the endless dawn of immortality . . . that first kiss . . . that first night . . . † (Meyer 753). The Twilight series is a love story with interjections of paranormal powers and the desire to want the things that cannot be obtained.This tale has consumed many and launched the â€Å"Twihard† generation. Meyer made vampires and werewolves vicious and bloodthirsty, but beautiful; unlike their nineteenth century counterparts, who burst into flames in the sunlight and transformed into hideous, drooling monsters, these beautiful creatures glitter in the sunlight and resemble overgrown dogs. Although Meyer made this less horrific than older horror stories, her series encouraged younger generations to discover the beauty of literature again. Stephen King once said, â€Å"Death is a mystery, and burial is a secret† (9).Although it is often grotesque, demonic, and depraved, people have an inherent need to explore the divide between good and evil, the known and unknown, and this world and the next. These tales have endured, yet changed, over the last three centuries. Future writers of the macabre will most assuredly follow in their predecessors’ footsteps and adapt to cultural changes in their own style. As long as people have inner demons, there will be a need for writers to expose them. Even though these horror classics are classified as fiction, what makes them terrifying is that they mimic the reality of everyday life. Works CitedBaym, Nina, ed. â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe. † The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Norton, 2008. 671-674. Print. D’Amato, Barbara. â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: an orphaned author’s dream and journey toward integration. † Modern Psychoanalysis. 34. 1 (2009): 117-135. Web. 7 Aug 2012. Doctrow, E. L. â€Å"Our Edgar. † Virginia Quarterly Review. 82. 4 (2006): 240-247. Web 7 Aug 2012. â€Å"Gothic Undercurrents. † American Passages: A Literary Survey. Annenberg Learne r, n. d. Web 7 Aug 2012. King, Stephen. Pet Sematary. 1st ed. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. , 1984. Print. Meyer, Stephenie. Breaking Dawn. st ed. New York: Atom Books, 2009. Print. Mutch, Deborah. â€Å"Coming Out of the Coffin: The Vampire and Transnationalism in the Twilight and Sookie Stackhouse Series. † Critical Survey. 23. 2 (2011): 75-90. Web. 7 Aug 2012. Nash, Jesse. â€Å"Postmodern Gothic: Stephen King’s Pet Sematary. † Journal of Popular Culture. 30. 4 (1997): 151-160. Web. 7 Aug 2012. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe With Selections From His Critical Writings. Expanded. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. Alfre A. Knopf. Inc.. 1992. Print. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. 2nd ed. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1999. Print.

Arm Yourself With Funny Sarcastic Quotes to Make an Impact

Arm Yourself With Funny Sarcastic Quotes to Make an Impact We live in a sarcastic society. You find sarcasm everywhere. Newspaper headlines reek of sarcasm. Blog posts, status updates, and tweets are filled with sarcastic quotes. Sometimes, you hear a honeyed compliment from a not-so-good friend, only to realize later that you just got a jab of sarcasm.Sarcasm can be an underhand compliment, a snarky retort, or a curt jibe. People often use sarcasm to vent their unhappiness. Or to hurt others. Some sarcastic comments are so subtle that you wouldnt be able to tell the difference between a compliment and sarcasm.Many famous actors and writers are known for sarcasm. Groucho Marx was admired and feared for his in-your-face comebacks. His words hardly ever missed the mark, and often kept inflated egos in check. Mark Twain was especially famous for his witty sarcasms. He earned quite a reputation for his tongue-in-cheek jabs at educational institutions, and even religion and death. Winston Churchill and Oscar Wilde were also infamous for their famous putdowns. Sometimes you need to put people in their place. Especially those Internet trolls, who have the I-can-write-whatever-I-want attitude. When logical debates and arguments lose their sheen, you can resort to sarcasm. If you want to use sarcasm to end a pointless argument or to cut down a narcissist to size, use these funny sarcastic quotes. With a biting retort, you can have the last word, and the last laugh. Half the world is composed of idiots, the other half of people clever enough to take indecent advantage of them. - Walter Kerr I am so clever that sometimes I dont understand a single word of what I am saying. Oscar Wilde I guess I just prefer to see the dark side of things. The glass is always half empty. And cracked. And I just cut my lip on it. And chipped a tooth. Janeane Garofalo A celebrity is a person who works hard all his life to become well-known, then wears dark glasses to avoid being recognized. Fred Allen A prisoner of war is a man who tries to kill you and fails, and then asks you not to kill him. Sir Winston Churchill After all, what is your hosts purpose in having a party? Surely not for you to enjoy yourself; if that were their sole purpose, theyd have simply sent champagne and women over to your place by taxi. P. J. ORourke Asking politicians to give up a source of money is like asking Dracula to forsake blood. Cal Thomas I can stand brute force, but brute reason is quite unbearable. There is something unfair about its use. It is hitting below the intellect. Oscar Wilde Dont look back - something might be gaining on you. Satchel Paige Don’t be so humble - you are not that great. Golda Meir Government is like junior high. Your status depends upon whom youre able to persecute. Jonathan Kellerman Have no fear of perfection - youll never reach it. Salvador Dali I am not a vegetarian because I love animals. I am a vegetarian because I hate plants. A. Whitney Brown I dont mind going back to daylight saving time. With inflation, the hour will be the only thing Ive saved all year. Victor Borge I have met a lot of hardboiled eggs in my time, but youre twenty minutes. Oscar Wilde I have wondered at times what the Ten Commandments would have looked like if Moses had run them through the U.S. Congress. Ronald Reagan I like long walks, especially when they are taken by people who annoy me. Fred Allen Im all in favor of keeping dangerous weapons out of the hands of fools. Lets start with typewriters. Frank Lloyd Wright If youre going to tell people the truth, be funny or theyll kill you. Billy Wilder It is better to be thought a fool, than to open ones mouth and remove all doubt. Mark Twain Just because nobody complains doesnt mean all parachutes are perfect. Benny Hill Maybe this world is another planets Hell. Aldous Huxley Morality is simply the attitude we adopt towards people whom we personally dislike. Oscar Wilde My mothers menu consisted of two choices: Take it or leave it. Buddy Hackett One of the hardest things to imagine is that you are not smarter than average. Jonathan Fuerbringer Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and Im not sure about the former. Albert Einstein

Case Attrition

The exercising of discretion by all system actors, public and private, and from the nature of the criminal process itself is a result of case attrition. Basically, case attrition is when an arrest does not end in a trial conviction, which happens quite often in the court justice system. This is not new experience, nor one limited to the United States; several other Western countries and in the early parts of the twentieth century reported the same high rates of case attrition (encyclopedia. com). The effect case attrition has on the criminal justice system is observed at the different levels of the criminal justice process, because an arrest or no arrest affects everything. Law enforcement officers becomes burnt out, or have negative feelings about the justice system. Full enforcement has never been achieved, nor is likely to be achieved; it may be undesirable citizens and their political leaders must keep these findings in mind when making decisions about criminal justice polices. The high levels of case attrition in modern systems shows that the criminal law has very substantial limitations as an direct crime control such as, deterrence, incapcitation, and rehabilitation. Criminal convictions and penalties impose deserved punishment (retribution) and reinforce important societal denunciation, but if these penal consequences are imposed according to procedure that are widely perceived as fair and just. Attrition can get rid of individuals in the over-worked justice system that were arrested that either had a problem with the legality of the arrest or it was the result of an overworked, or bad officer in a situation where an arrest was not necessary. When these cases are removed from the justice system, it is possible for attorneys and judges to be able to focus on more serious crimes.

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Anything - Essay Example Such is the scenario currently where businesses have concentrated on personal gains at the expense of their customers’ service delivery. The Wall Street Greed tendency has been captured clearly by a scholar named Michael Douglas (Heesun, Page 10-45). Even though Douglas asserts that greed sometimes can benefit businesses whenever they serve their customers, he concurs that the very same greed only benefits a few individuals but only to a certain extent. The general argument by most Wall Street publishers is that if a business’s profits are highly based on the prosperity of its customers then the general assumption is that whatever is good for the customers must be good for the society. Such assertions form the basis of Wall Street Greed currently. Critics further argue that the Wall Street Greed, as exhibited today, is all about Wall Street itself (Heesun, Page 5-35). The interest of Wall Street has been totally separated from the interest of the society at large. Ethics forms the basis of any economic implications for the decisions made by businesses within the economy. There has been a shift in argument in the sense that initially assertions were that for any economic meltdown or any bailout involving larger amounts of the taxpayers’ money does not necessarily lie with the banks but rather it now revolves around the ethics and values embraced by the businesses within the economy. The Wall Street case has clearly shown that there is a major breakdown between the business activities and priorities of most organizations and the ethical values that should be attached to them (Heesun, Page 15-85). There has been a continuous disconnect between ethics and economic freedom. In most cases, individual perception on the available opportunities has significantly influenced the business decisions by most organizations. This has resulted in the individualistic

Argument Synthesis agiainst Minimum Wage Research Paper

Argument Synthesis agiainst Minimum Wage - Research Paper Example The needs and wants of the people are critical to account for, with the state and federal governments playing a fundamental role in relation to this pursuit. Specifically, the quality and standard of life of the people is targeted, with the income earned by the employed population being the target variable. Minimum wage is an extensive, diverse and dynamic concept in employment and remuneration arena. Many states and the federal government at large observes set minimum wage rates, which are revised from time to time as deemed necessary (Block, et al. 49). The aim of setting minimum wage rates is to protect workers are prone to exploitation by employees for one reason or another. Workers are primarily exploited due to lack of adequate skills and knowledge, while they still persistently seek employment opportunities. For this reason, governments in collaboration with labor unions engage in the minimum wage setting to protect prone workers. A minimum wage rate outlines the least remuner ation that an employee can receive from potential employers. Payment of wages below the set rate constitutes a criminal act and violation of labor rights. Therefore, employers are expected to comply with minimum wage requirements. On the other hand, minimum wage requirements are set to benefit workers in the economy. ... minimum wage decisions made within an economy are bound to affect that economy positively or negatively, constituting benefits or hardships for the economy. In this regard, minimum wage can be argued for and against, with the factor outperforming the other resting on the economic variables evaluated. Arguments in favor of minimum wage are based on the direct benefits reaped by individual employees and the economy at large. I. Raising the minimum wage hurts low income workers As earlier mentioned, minimum wage can be revised every time it is deemed necessary. This means that the wage can be reduced or increased. The primary reason that leads to the setting of minimum wage is to raise the earning capacity of unskilled or semiskilled workers. This is further linked to improved and better quality of life and subsequent standards of livelihood. Minimum wage pursuits are not only pursued by the government, but also by labor unions within the economy. All the parties involved can push for r eduction or increment of minimum wage, with too low wage jeopardizing the workers’ economic welfare (Weinberger 1). Raising minimum wage is not a strictly positive-oriented activity. Low income workers are more vulnerable to the hurting effect of increased minimum wage. To start with, an increase in the minimum wage means that the demand and supply of labor must be altered. When labor becomes more expensive than it was previously the case, then employers reduce their employment opportunities. This implies that the low income group finds itself in low employment opportunities within the labor market. Economics dictate that changes in prices alter both demand and supply aspects in the economy. In the minimum wage context, an increase in the minimum wage makes low income workers worse off

Helping Children with Learning Disabilities Essay

Helping Children with Learning Disabilities - Essay Example In teaching practice, there is the risk of focusing on the deficit or special need in a particular area which is seen as the main area of concern, while ignoring the strengths of the students. The recommendable approach in teaching practice is to deal with the difficulty by focusing on the area of strength and this strategy can improve the self-esteem of the students with learning difficulty. "Certain conditions attract more sympathy and compassion and ultimately more support, for example, physical disability, visual or hearing impairment and chronic medical problems, whilst other conditions including, for example, dyslexia, dyspraxia, Asperger's syndrome and emotional and behavioural difficulties, may be viewed with scepticism and, in some cases, prejudice." (Benton and O'Brien, 85) Therefore, it is fundamental for practitioners to seek means to provide support to enable learners with dyslexia, dyspraxia and hearing difficulty to overcome barriers to learning and a thorough awarenes s of the issue at hand is most essential. This paper explores the various effective ways in which practitioners might provide valuable support to deal with the special needs of the learners with dyslexia, dyspraxia and hearing difficulty. One of the most essential responsibilities of the practitioners in the contemporary educational framework... Such special requirements for the learning of students with dyslexia, dyspraxia and hearing difficulty include flexible teaching arrangements, help with processing language, help and support in acquiring literacy skills, support in organising and coordinating spoken and written language and cognition, help with sequencing and organisational skills, help with problem solving and developing concepts, programmes to aid improvement of fine and motor competencies, support in the use of technical terms and abstract ideas, and help in understanding ideas, concepts, and experiences when information cannot be gained through first hand sensory and physical experience. "One understanding of inclusion is that it aims to encourage schools to reconsider their structure, teaching approaches, pupil grouping, and use of support so that the school responds the perceived needs of all its pupils. Teachers, collaborating closely, seek opportunities to look at new ways of involving all pupils and to draw on experimentation and reflection." (Farrell, 12) Therefore, it is essential for the practitioners to seek new ways to support learners with dyslexia, dyspraxia and hearing difficulty. Dyslexia refers to the problems with language with regard to reading, writing, spelling, and phonological problems and it results in severe learning issues in the classroom setting. It is a difficulty with receptive and expressive language in both its written and spoken forms and this constitutional difficulty is often hereditary. Learners with dyslexia have difficulties with reading, writing, spelling and oral language, along with difficulties with short-term memory, mathematics,

Has Television Taken Over Photography?

Has Television Taken Over Photography? In the age of television and internet streaming videos, photography is no longer as pervasive a tool of social control as it used to be. Its golden age is now over, since it flourished and died along with the great dictatorships of the 20th Century. In fact, the most eloquent examples of the use of photography as a means to seduce people and annihilate their ability of a critical analysis of reality (in order to submit their will to the goals of a governing elite) can be found in the period between the 1920’s and the 1950’s. It was in such period that the fascist, nazi, and communist propaganda saw in photographers the perfect craftsmen who could transform images, often fake or posed, into messages to convey a particular information about what was going on in their country. In Italy, it was through the pictures taken by anonymous photographers that Benito Mussolini managed to give the people the idea of being part of a great nation, where everybody (intellectuals, sport smen, the Church, the unions, the common men) were proud to demonstrate their faith in the fascist regime[1]. It was through them that he was able to depict the country as a plentiful land, led by a good-hearted man embodying the virtues of the great Roman emperors. Most of those photographers were working for the same institution, the Istituto Luce, a formally independent organism that was actually controlled by the fascist regime. Its purpose was to operate as a modern news agency, but any proof of the disastrous economic and social conditions of many areas of Italy (such as Sicily, Veneto or Sardinia) was withdrew from the press. So, there were no news, if they had to be bad news. Another example of Mussolini’s attempt at distorting reality was the photographic book Italia imperiale (Imperial Italy), published in 1937. The author, Manilo Morgagni, wrote a visual elegy of the virtues of the dictator. In the same period, Adolf Hitler was making a similar use of photography in Germany, especially thanks to the collaboration of Leni Riefenstahl, who later would become one of the most famous artists of the world. The book Schoenheit im Olympischen Kampf (Beauty in the Olympic games), published in 1938, was a collection of her shots of the German youth, taken during the Olympic Games held in Berlin in 1936; it was an instrument of Hitler’s propaganda aimed at celebrating the perfect bodily features that only the pure Aryan race could boast[2]. In this way, German population was given an amount of visual messages that confirmed the superiority of their race, so that there was no questioning about the crimes their leader was committing in foreign countries. On the other hand, Hitler wie ihn keiner kennt (The unknown Hitler) was an homage to the Furher from his personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann, and was completely dedicated to him and his private life. It showed a leader ca ressing children and enjoying mountain resorts, depicting him as father and protector on the nation. In the USSR, Iosif Stalin reduced the avant-garde photographer Aleksandr Rodchenko to a mere instrument to convey the perfection of a state working in the best imaginable way, where every movement was preordained and nothing could go wrong. In fact, the usual subjects of Rodchenko were military parades and public meetings, during which everybody had a specific role to play and a proper place to fit in[3]. Moreover, Stalin made a wide use of photomontage to insert his figure in all the topic moments of the October Revolution of 1917, so that the people were induced to think that it was him who actively participated and fought in the process that led to the creation of a land that was supposedly governed by them. Another famous example of the way photography and its manipulation were used to attain the consent of the people is the picture taken by Yevgeny Khaldei in Berlin on May 2nd, 1945. It is the image of a soldier of the Red Army raising the communist flag on the roof of the Reich stag[4]. Since Khaldei arrived too late, when the action had already been accomplished, he asked a soldier to repeat it in order to fix the moment on film, and give Russian population another proof of the power of their leader. Further east, Mao Tse-tung was acting in the same way, one of his preferred photographers being Li Zenghshen, who took also many shots of the atrocities committed by the regime but hid them until the late Nineties, when he thought it was safe to show them to the public without risking to be prosecuted by the communist regime. The above mentioned examples are taken from the major dictatorships of the past century; nonetheless in the 1930’s the greatest democracy of the world, the USA, had a similar approach to photography, although lacking the militaristic vision of the country that characterised the totalitarian regimes. The American government did not make a wide and evident use of photography to make its citizens agree on its political and financial behaviour, but in some occasions documentary images were used as proofs of the necessity of its decisions. The Farm Security Administration, for instance, was founded in 1935 by president Franklin Delano Roosevelt as part of his New Deal program aimed at rescuing the nation after the great depression of 1929. Its goal was to relieve the rural populations from their poverty and many famous photographers (Russell Lee, Jack Delano, Dorothea Lange, Walker Evans among the others) were hired to document their situation, in order to inform about it people li ving in the urban areas. But this project was also meant to provide a visual justification on how and why the government was spending public money, preventing any questioning by the richest part of the population[5]. The best output of this policy was a book compiled by Archibald McLeish, titled Land of the free and published in 1938. In the meanwhile, another way to use photography in order to exert social control was beginning to see the light in the USA. But this one was completely different from the propaganda experienced in Europe, since it was focused on not showing, rather than on showing. It is the case of the 216 nuclear tests held by the Army between 1945 and 1962 (in the desert in the state of Nevada or in the middle of the Pacific Ocean). They were documented by anonymous officials mainly through aerial photography, but the pictures were kept in secret archives till very recently, because the government thought that such experiments might arise doubts in public opinion about nuclear power and the cold war[6]. This attitude quickly developed and expanded to the majority of the nations, prompting governments to prevent their people from looking at what might endanger their consent. A form of undeclared censorship has been watching over photography all the time, and war reporters have been its principal t argets. One of the most recent and outstanding case is the story occurred to a now famous picture taken by Kenneth Jarecke during the first Gulf War (1991). He shot the body of an Iraqi soldier, burnt to a cinder by American bombing while he was retreating with his troop on the Basra road[7]. This picture was published abroad but not in the USA until the war was definitively over, since it might counter the Pentagon’s notion of a technological a war amended of all the atrocities of the previous ones. Nonetheless, nowadays television has taken over the role that was played by photography, and it has become the principal tool to exert social control. Probably, this function is still accomplished by photography only through commercials, but in this case the aim is altering people’s perception of reality in order to influence their needs. The most interesting aspect of this function is that who is sending the message to the public usually does not depict a fake situation as it were real, nor does hide a particular side of it. Most commercials evoke a hypertechnological world or a lost one, like in Marlboro Country’s advertisements, where values and lifestyle are as simple and good as in the good old days[8]. Two opposite worlds that have just one feature in common: they can be reached through the product advertised. This kind of social control is very different from that exercised through propaganda and censorship, but it must be noted that its target is not the citizen as a political individual, but the consumer as a participant in the local and global market. Moreover, there is not such a monopoly of the mass media as the one that is proper of a governing institution, but all the organs emitting messages to control the public are constantly competing against each other to be most visible. Consequently, this particular use of photography requires bigger and more accessible platforms wherefore communicate, such as glossy, fancy magazines and huge city billboards. Bibliography Michael Famighetti: Underexposed, Aperture 173, winter 2003, pages 14-16. Marshall McLuhan: Understanding media, Routledge, 2002, chapters 2 and 20. Martin Parr and Gerry Badger: The photobook: a history. Volume 1, Pahidon, 2004, chapter 6. Ian Jeffrey: Photography, Thames and Hudson, 1981, chapter 9. Li Zhensheng: Red-color news soldier, Phaidon, 2003. Michael Light: 100 Suns, Contrasto Due, 2004. 1 Footnotes [1] See picture 1 [2] See pictures 2 and 3 [3] See picture 4 [4] See picture 5 [5] See picture 6, by Dorothea Lange [6] See pictures 7, 8 and 9 [7] See picture 10 [8] See picture 11

The Poem Girl by Jamaica Kincaid Essay -- Poetry, Poem, Jamaica Kincai

The poem "Girl" by author Jamaica Kincaid shows love and family togetherness by creating microcosmic images of the way mothers raise their children in order to survive. Upon closer examination, the reader sees that the text is a string of images in Westerner Caribbean family practices. Jamaica Kincaid has taken common advice that daughters are constantly hearing from their mothers and tied them into a series of commands that a mother uses to prevent her daughter from turning into "the slut that she is so bent on becoming" (380). But they are more than commands; the phrases are a mother's way of ensuring that her daughter has the tools that she needs to survive as an adult. The fact that the mother takes the time to train the daughter in the proper ways for a lady to act in their time is indicative of their family love. The fact that there are so many rules and moral principles that are being passed to the daughter indicates that mother and daughter spend a lot of time together. The reader gets the impression that the advice that the mother gives her daughter has been passed down from many generations of women. The advice of the ages has enabled their daughters to endure hardships and to avoid making the same mistakes that they had made, such as planting okra far from the house because it attracts red ants. There were some women in the past that learned this lesson the hard way, and included it in the litany of advice for future generations. But "Girl" also shows the hostility and family dissension that the females suffer. The world of the women is not comprised solely of setting the table for tea or determining which day to wash the white clothes or the colored clothes; there is a darker side to their lives. The mot... ...ably performed tasks such as washing laundry on a rock, ironing her family's clothes, or cooking pumpkin fritters in very hot sweet oil. When I first read "Girl" I was amazed at how much work young women had to do in early 1900's. We can definitely say that the role of women has changed over the years in the United States. We do not have to do so many grueling tasks to get through our everyday life. Today, mothers teach their daughters to be more independent. Women in third world countries do not have the luxuries we do. They still have many rules that hold them back from being their own person. Works Cited Jones, Gertrude. Personal Interview. April 15, 2006. Paul. Ephesians 5:22-23. Life Application Study Bible. Jamaica Kincaid. Vanessa Pupello. Fall 1997. Emory University. April 15, 2006. http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Kincaid.html

As Psychology Essay

One of the key differences between the concepts of STM and LTM is duration. â€Å"Duration† refers to how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available. Short term memories don’t last very long. An example of STM in action would be trying to remember a seven-digit phone number that you have just been given. This is maintained in the short-term memory by REPETITION until the number is dialled, and then fades once the conversation starts. The way most people keep information in their STM for more than a few seconds is to rehearse it. So rehearsal is one way of keeping a memory active. The result of verbal rehearsal is that STM are held in the STM store and eventually become long term. Duration of LTM LTM refers to memories that last anywhere for 2 hours to 100 years plus, i. e. anything that isn’t short term. Some memories are very long lasting. For example Shepard (1967) tested duration of LTM. He showed participants 612 memorable pictures, one at a time. An hour later they were shown some of these pictures among a set of others and showed almost perfect recognition. Four months later they were still able to recognise 50% of photographs. The material to be remembered was more meaningful to the participants and therefore the duration of the LTM was better. Key study on duration of STM Lloyd and Margaret Peterson (1959) conducted a landmark study of the duration of STM. They enlisted the help of 24 students attending their university. The experimenter said a consonant syllable to the participant followed by a three-digit number (e. g. WRT 303 or SCX 591). The consonant syllable was selected to have no meaning. Immediately after hearing the syllable and number, the participants had to count backwards from this number in 3s or 4s until told to stop. Then the participants were asked to recall the nonsense syllable. The reason for counting backwards was to stop the participants rehearsing the syllable because rehearsal would aid recall. Each participant was given two practice trials followed by eight trials. On each trial the retention interval (time spent counting backwards) was different. They found that participants remembered about 90% when there was only a 3-second interval and about 2% when there was an 18-second interval. This suggests that, when rehearsal is prevented, STM lasts about 20 seconds at most. Evaluation The findings from the Peterson and Peterson study have been challenged. We might argue that, in this experiment, participants were relying on more than STM alone because they knew they were going to be asked to recall the items after an interval filled with a distracting activity. Other research such as Marsh et al, (1997) has suggested that when participants do not expect to be tested after this interval, forgetting may occur after just 2 seconds. This suggests that our understanding of the duration of STM may not be as clear-cut as first thought. In fact, more recent research even suggests that the duration of STM is not as short as Peterson and Peterson’s study would suggest. Nairne’s et al (1999) found that items could be recalled after as long as 96 seconds. In Nairne’s study, participants were asked to recall the same items across trials, whereas in the earlier study different items were used on each trial, which would have led to interference between items, decreasing recall. Capacity and Encoding Capacity is a measure of how much can be held in memory. It is measured in terms of bits of information such as number of digits. STM has a very limited capacity (less than 7 chunks of information) whereas LTM has potentially unlimited capacity. Increasing the capacity of STM The magic number 7+/-2 George Miller (1956) wrote a memorable article called â€Å"The magic number seven plus or minus two†. He reviewed psychological research and concluded that the span of immediate memory is 7; people can cope reasonably well with counting seven dots flashed onto a screen but not many more than this. Miller also found out that people can recall 5 words as well as they can recall 5 letters – we chunk things together and can then remember more. The size of the chunk matters Simon (1974) found that people had a shorter memory span for larger chunks, such as 8-word phrases, than smaller chunks, such as one-syllable words. Evaluation Cowan (2001) reviewed a variety of studies on the capacity of STM and concluded that STM is likely to be limited to above 4 chunks. This suggests that STM may not be as extensive as was first thought. Vogel et al, (2001) looked at the capacity of STM for visual information and also found that 4 items was about the limit. Encoding in STM and LTM PAGE 23 Encoding is the way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. Information enters the brain via the senses. It is then stored in various forms such as visual codes (picture), acoustic forms (sounds), or a semantic form (the meaning of the experience). Information in the STM is mainly encoded acoustically (information is represented as sound); whereas information in LTM tends to be encoded semantically (information is represented by its meaning). Acoustic and semantic encoding We can compare the ways information is stored in STM and LTM in terms of encoding of the memory trace. Acoustic coding involved coding information in terms of the way it sounds The multi-store model of memory The multi-store model of memory (MSM) is an explanation of how memory processes work. The MSM was first described by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968. There is three stores/components in the MSM which are the sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory The sensory memory is composed of several stores which are the eyes, ears, nose, etc, and the corresponding areas of the brain. If a person’s attention is focused on one of the sensory stores, then the data is transferred to STM. Attention is the first step in remembering something. Short-term memory Information held in STM is in a â€Å"fragile state†. It will disappear relatively quickly if rehearsal is prevented. Information will also disappear if new information enters STM pushing out the original information. This happens because STM has a limited capacity. Long-term memory The second step is moving information from STM to LTM. Atkinson and Shiffrin said that this also happens through rehearsal. The more something is rehearsed the more it will be remembered. This kind of rehearsal is referred to maintenance rehearsal. Evaluation The sensory store Sperling (1920) gave participants a grid of digits and letters for 50 milliseconds. They were either asked to write down all 12 items or they were told they would hear a tone immediately after the exposure and they should just write down that row. When asked to report the whole thing their recall was poorer (5 items recalled, about 42%) then when asked to give one row only (3 items recalled, 75%). This show that information decays rapidly in the sensory store. The serial position effect Glazer and Cunitz (1966) gave participants a list of 20 words, presented one at a time, and then asked to recall words they could remember. They tended to remember the words from the start of the list (primary effect) and from the end of the list (recency effect) but were less good at recalling words in the middle. The primary effects occur because the first words are best rehearsed and transferred to LTM. The recency effect occurs because these words are in the STM when people start recalling the list. Areas of the brain associated with STM and LTM One way to demonstrate the existence of separate stores in memory is to link STM and LTM to specific areas of the brain. Modern techniques of scanning the brain can be used to take images of the active brain and enable us to see what region is active when a person is undertaking particular tasks. Research (Beardsley, 1977) has found that the prefrontal cortex is active when individuals are working on a task in STM. The working memory model Baddeley and Hitch (1974) used the term ‘working memory’ to refer to that bit of memory that you are using when you are working on a complex task which requires you to store information as you go along. The components of the working memory Central executive This is the key component of the working memory. The function of the central executive is to direct attention to particular tasks, determining at any time how ‘resources’ are allocated to tasks. The central executive has a very limited capacity. Phonological loop This also has a limited capacity. The phonological loop deals with the auditory information and preserves the order of information. Baddeley (1986) further subdivided this loop into the phonological store and an articulatory process. The phonological store holds the words you hear, like an inner ear. The articulatory process is used for words that are heard or seen (inner voice). Visuo-spatial sketch pad The Visuo-spatial sketch pad is used when you have to plan a spatial task (like getting from one room to another). Visual and/or spatial information is temporary stored here. Visual information is what things looks like and spatial information is the relationship between things. Logie (1995) suggested that the Visuo-spatial sketchpad can be divided into a visual cache (store) and inner scribe which deals with spatial relations. Episodic buffer Baddeley (2000) added the episodic buffer because he realised the model needed a general store. The episodic buffer is an extra storage system that has a limited capacity. It integrates information from the central executive, the phonological loop and the Visuo-spatial sketchpad and also from the long-term memory. Evaluation Doing two tasks using the same or different components Hitch and Baddeley (1976) gave participants two tasks to do simultaneously. Task 1 occupied the central executive and task 2 either involved the articulatory loop or both the central executive and articulatory loop. Task 1 was slower when given a task involving both the central executive and articulatory loop. The speed on task 1 was the same whether using the articulatory loop or no extra task. This shows that doing two tasks that involve the same component causes difficulty. Evidence for the central executive Bunge et al. (2000) used an fmri to see which parts of the brain were most active when participants were doing two tasks (reading a sentence and recalling the final word in each sentence). The same brain areas were active in either dual- or single – task conditions but there was significantly more activation in the dual-task condition indicating that increased demands were reflected in brain activity. Evidence for the Visuo-spatial sketchpad Baddeley et al. (1975b) demonstrated the existence of thee Visuo-spatial sketch pad. Participants were given a visual tracking task (they had to track a moving light with a pointer). At the same time they were given kne of two other tasks: task 1 was to describe all the angles on the letter F, task 2 was to perform a verbal task. Task 1 was very difficult but not task 2. This is also evidence related to the effects of doing two tasks using the same or different components. Evidence for the episodic buffer Baddeley et al. (1987) found that, when participants were shown words and then asked for immediate recall, their performance was much better for sentences (related words) then for unrelated words. This supports the idea of an immediate memory store for itesms that are neither visual nor phonological. Accuracy of Eye Witness testimony Loftus and Palmer were interested in whether misleading interesting distorted the accuracy of an eyewitness’s immediate recall. What did they do? 45 students were shown seven films of different traffic accidents. After each film the participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer a series of specific questions about it. There was one critical question. This question was about ‘how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? One group of participants were given this question whereas the other five groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, bumped or contacted in place of the word hit. What did they find? The group given the world ‘smashed’ estimated a higher speed that the other groups (about 41 mph). The group given the word ‘contacted’ estimated the lower speed (about 30 mph). Evaluation Supporting DO LATER (PAGE 33) Factors influencing the accuracy of eye witnessing testimony Many researchers have looked at the relationship between anxiety and accuracy in eyewitness testimony. Deffenbacher et al. 2004) carried out a meta-analysis of 18 studies published between 1974 and 1997, looking at the effects of heightening anxiety on accuracy of eyewitness recall. From these studies it was clear that there was considerable support for the hypothesis that high levels of stress negativity impacted on the accuracy of eyewitness memory. Anxiety enhances recall Christianson and Hubienet te (1993) found when they questioned 58 real witnesses to bank robberies. Those witnesses who were threatened in some way were more accurate in their recall and remembered more detail than those who had been onlookers. This continued to be true even 15 months later. The weapon focus effect Johnson and Scott (1976) identified the weapon-focus effect. In their initial experiment, Loftus et al. used two conditions, one involving a weapon and one not. In both conditions participants heard a discussion in an adjoining room. In condition 1 a man emerged holding a pen and with grease on his hands. In conditions 2 the discussion was rather more heated and a man emerged holding a paperknife covered in blood. When asked to identify the man from 50 photos, participants in condition 1 were 49% more accurate, compared with 33% accuracy in condition 2. This suggests that the weapon may have distracted attention from the person holding it and therefore explain why eyewitnesses sometimes have poor recall for certain details of violent crimes. Evaluation Explaining the apparent contradiction Deffenbacher suggests that this contradiction in research finding could best be explained with reference to the Yerkes-Dodson law, which states that performance improves with increase of arousal up to some optical point then declines with further increase. Many researchers believe that anxiety effects in eye-witness testimony are curvilinear. This means that small to medium increases in arousal may increase the accuracy of memory, but high levels interfere with accuracy. Those studies which had found improved memory accuracy were most likely dealing with increased arousal within the first part of the Yerkes-Dodson curve, whereas studies which showed that accuracy decreases with increased arousal were most likely operating in the second part of the curve. MORE EVALUATION!! The cognition interview Fisher and Geiselman (1992) developed an interviewing technique, the cognitive interview. The original cognitive interview technique could be characterised by four distinct components 1. Report everything (hypermnesia) 2. Mental reinstatement of context- the interviewer encourages the interviewee to mentally recreate the environment and contacts from the original incident. 3. Changing the order- the interviewer may try alternative ways through the timeline of the incident, for example by reversing the order in which events occurred. 4. Changing the perspective- the interviewee is asked to recall the incident from multiple perspectives The first two components are based on the principle that if there is consistency between the actual incident and the recreated situation, there is an increased likeliness that witnesses will recall more detail therefore more accurate in their recall. The latter two components are based on the assumption that information that observed can be retrieved through a number of different routes into an individual’s memory. Evaluation Kohnken et al. , (1999) did a meta-analysis of 53 studies found, on average, an increase of 34% in the amount of correct information generated in the cognitive interview compared with standard interviewing techniques. Milne and Bull (2002) examined the relative effectiveness of each of the four components of the cognitive interview. Undergraduate students and children were interviewed using one of the components of the cognitive interview and compared to a control condition (where they were instructed to simply ‘try again’). When participants were interviewed using a combination of the components ‘mental reinstatement’ and ‘report everything’ their recall was significantly higher than in all other conditions.