Personal Troubles and Public Issues in Persepolis Essay Essay Example

Personal Troubles and Public Issues in Persepolis Essay Paper Marjane Satrapi’s novel Persepolis is an in depth expression at Marjane’s kid goon in Iran. Throughout the fresh Marji faces many public issues which straight relate to her personal problems. While Marji was turning up she witnessed the relinquishing of the Shah’s government. The Islamic revolution and the Iraq V Iran war. Her fresh screens an eight twelvemonth span. from the ages six to fourteen. Even though the novel begins when Marji is merely six old ages old she was more politically cognizant so most modern twenty-four hours striplings. Marji was highly immature during bulk of the events throughout the novel but her age did non halt public issues from straight impacting herself and others around her. While reading Persepolis I was able to acquire an in depth expression at how Iran non merely was in war with environing States but besides at war within its ain boundary lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Troubles and Public Issues in Persepolis Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Troubles and Public Issues in Persepolis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Troubles and Public Issues in Persepolis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When Persepolis foremost began Marji attended a coed not spiritual school. This was normal for Iran until the Cultural Revolution. The Persian authorities ordered that bilingual schools be closed down because they were a mark of capitalisation and Westernization. This caused great convulsion among the people of Iran. Half of the adult females were against have oning the head covering and the other half were extremely spiritual and believed that the head covering must be worn as mark of regard to their faith and besides their state. This public issue straight affected Marji because her female parent was among the adult females who believed the head covering wasn’t necessary. Sing as Marji’s female parent was strongly against being forced to have on the head covering she frequently participated in presentations. one clip while she was showing her exposure was taken. Marji’s ma had to travel into concealing she was forced to dye her hair and conceal her face in public out of the fright that person would acknowledge her. This public issue became really personal for Marji because she thought of herself as strongly spiritual and even wanted to be a prophesier but she wasn’t certain if the head covering was a necessary accoutrement at all times. â€Å"I truly didn’t cognize what to believe about the head covering deep down I was really spiritual but as a household we were really modern and daring. † ( Persepolis page 7 ) Another public issue that profoundly affected Marji was the chapter of Persepolis entitled The Letter ( page 34 ) . Marji’s had a amah named Mehri who Marji considered her older sister. Mehri fell in love with their neighbour Hossein and he began composing her letters but because Mehri was a peasant she couldn’t read or compose. Marji began reading the letters to Mehri and composing responses since Mehri was non capable of making so. This went on for six months until the intelligence got back to Marji’s pa. Since Marji’s parents were Marxist they strongly believed in societal categories. That meant they was no manner Mehri and Hossein could be together because she was a provincial and she was non. Social category is a public issue that rapidly turned into a personal problem because Marji didn’t agree with her parents beliefs and besides because she couldn’t stand seeing Mehri so emotionally overwrought. â€Å"But is it her mistake she was bo rn where she was born? † ( Persepolis page 37 ) Marji’s male parent had a brother that she had neer met. his name was Anoosh. He was a hero in Marji’s eyes because he had been the secretary of Azerbaijan which was an independent Persian Province. Anoosh told Marji everything about his yesteryear from the rise and autumn of Azerbaijan to the barbarous anguish he endured during his nine old ages in prison. Marji was so enraptured to hold such a historical hero in her household. Anoosh stayed with Marji’s household until he was arrested merely for being a former revolutionist. Former revolutionists were the pledged enemies of the democracy ; they were being arrested or murdered often. Marji was the last individual to see Anoosh before he was executed because he was believed to be a Russian Spy. The public issue that the democracy was against revolutionists turned into a personal problem because Marji’s favourite uncle was murdered and besides because after the decease of her uncle Marji became disquieted with her friend ( God ) . â€Å"What seems to be the job? Shut up. You! Get out of my life! ! ! ! I neer want to see you once more! Get OUT! † ( Persepolis page 70 ) Persepolis provided me with illustrations of how a child’s society can impact them personally. Turning up in the Persian society effected Marji both negatively and positively. She was taught about her authoritiess flaws alternatively of shielded from them. she was raised to stand up for her ain personal beliefs. and she experienced decease felicity and the hurting of world. Marjane’s novel besides helped me understand the convulsion that goes on in Iran that I had neer noticed before. Personally I believe America is similar to Iran but here alternatively of being ridiculed because of non have oning your head covering. you are ridiculed because of your tegument tone.

What Were The Costs And Benefits Of Cultural Interaction And Trade Spurred By The Crusades essays

What Were The Costs And Benefits Of Cultural Interaction And Trade Spurred By The Crusades essays The Crusades had a major impact on the history of Europe. The costs and benefits of the Crusades were many and many things changed because of the Crusades. The balance of power in Europe changed dramatically during the time of the Crusades. In this paper I shall tell you about these changes produced by the costs and benefits of the Crusades. One effect the Crusades had was the change in the balance of power between nobles and monarchs. The nobles united during the time of the Crusades to fight against a common enemy but during that time the monarchs slowly undermined the power of the nobles. The reason was because the Crusades were a series of wars monarchs had the ever-present excuse to tax the nobles heavily and create an army out of the nobles wealth. Another reason is because many nobles died during the Crusades so many lines of nobles ended and the monarchs usually seized a deceased nobles land. As you can see the Crusades cost the nobles dearly and the monarchs greatly benefited from them. The Crusades also had a major economical impact. The peasants and some businessmen suffered greatly due to the crusades while certain areas and people got rich. The peasants suffered because they were taxed heavily to support the armies. Many businesses that depended on loaning went bankrupt because the pope cancelled debts for people who participated in the Crusades. The people and places that got rich were Italy and shipping companies. The shipping companies made fortunes moving troops and supplies while Italy got truckloads of money because it was perfectly situated between Europe and the Middle East and intercepted all the traffic. The Crusades had a major impact on European technology. Europe learned many things from the Islamic people. The Europeans learned about gunpowder, the crossbow, pigeons as messengers, siege tactics, and catapults. The Europeans were strengthened by the Crusades even though ...

Biography of Sarah Bernhardt, French Actress

Biography of Sarah Bernhardt, French Actress Sarah Bernhardt [born Henriette-Rosine Bernard; October 22,  1844- March 21, 1923] was a French stage and early film actress whose career spanned over 60 years. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, she dominated the world of acting with lead parts in acclaimed plays and motion pictures. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest actresses of all time and one of the first actresses to garner worldwide fame.   Early Life Sarah Bernhardt was born Henriette-Rosine Bernard on October 22, 1844 in Paris. She was the daughter of Julie Bernard, a Dutch courtesan who catered to a wealthy clientele.   Her father has never been identified. At age seven, she was sent to a boarding school where she performed on stage for the first time, playing the role of the Queen of the Fairies in Clothilde. Around the same time, Bernhardts  mother started dating the Duke de Morny, the half-brother of Napoleon III. Affluent and highly influential in Paris society, he would play a key role in the development of Bernhardts acting career. Although Bernhardt was more interested in becoming a nun than an actress, her family decided she should give acting a try. Together with their friend, playwright Alexandre Dumas, they brought Bernhardt to the Comà ©die-Franà §aise, France’s national theater company, for her first theater performance. Moved to tears by the play, Bernhardt was comforted by Dumas, who called her â€Å"my little star. The Duke told her she was destined to act. First Stage Performances In 1860, with the help of Morny’s influence, Bernhardt  was given the chance to audition at the prestigious Paris Conservatory. Coached by Dumas, she recited the fable of The Two Pigeons by La Fontaine and managed to persuade the school’s jury. On August 31,  1862, after two years of acting studies at the conservatory, Bernhardt made her debut in Racine’s Iphigà ©nie at the Comà ©die-Francaise. Playing the title role, she suffered from stage fright and rushed through her lines. Despite the nervous debut, she continued to perform and played Henrietta in Molià ©re’s Les Femmes Savantes and the title role in Scribe’s Valà ©rie. She didn’t manage to impress the critics and after a slapping incident with another actress, Bernhardt was asked to leave the theater. In 1864, after a brief affair with a Belgian prince, Bernhardt  gave birth to her only child, Maurice. In order to support herself and her son, she accepted minor roles at the melodrama theater Port-Saint-Martin and was eventually hired by the director of the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre de lÓdà ©on. There, she would spend the next 6 years establishing herself and developing a reputation as a leading actress.  Ã‚   Career Highlights and the Rise of Motion Pictures In 1868, Bernhardt had her breakthrough performance as Anna Damby in Dumas’  Kean. She received a standing ovation and was instantly given a salary raise. Her next successful performance was in Franà §ois Coppà ©e’s Le Passant, in which  she played the part of the troubadour boy- the first of her many male roles. During the subsequent  decades, Bernhardt’s career flourished. Upon returning to the Comà ©die-Franà §aise in 1872, she starred in some of the most demanding roles of the time, including lead parts in Voltaire ´s Zaire and Racine’s Phà ©dre, as well as Junie in Britannicus, also by Racine. In 1880, Bernhardt accepted an offer to tour the United States, which would be the first of many international stage tours of her career. After two years of touring, Bernhardt returned to Paris and purchased the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre de la Renaissance, where she operated as artistic director and lead actress until 1899.   At the turn of the century, Bernhardt became one of the first actresses to star in motion pictures. After starring  in the two-minute film Le Duel d’Hamlet, she went on to act in La Tosca in 1908 and La Dame aux Camelias. However,  it was her portrayal of Elizabeth I in the 1912 silent film The Loves of Queen Elizabeth that truly made her rise to international acclaim. Later Life and Death In 1899, Bernhardt signed a lease with the city of Paris to renovate and manage the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre des Nations. She renamed it Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre Sarah Bernhardt and opened the theater with a revival of La Tosca, followed by her other major successes:  Phà ©dre, Theodora, La Dame aux Camà ©lias, and Gismonda. Throughout the early 1900s, Bernhardt made a number of farewell tours around the globe, including Canada, Brazil, Russia, and Ireland. In 1915, years after a knee  accident, Bernhardt suffered from an infection related to the injury and her leg was ultimately amputated. Refusing an artificial leg, Bernhardt continued to act on stage, with scenes being specifically arranged to suit her needs. In 1921, Bernhardt made her final tour around France. The following year, on the night of the dress rehearsal for the play Un Sujet de Roman, Bernhardt collapsed and went into a coma. She spent months recovering and her health slowly improved, but on March 21, 1923, while suffering from kidney failure, Bernhardt collapsed again and passed away in her son’s arms. She was 78. Legacy Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre Sarah Bernhardt was managed by her son Maurice until his death in 1928. It was later renamed Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre de la Ville. In 1960, Bernhardt was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Bernhardts vibrant and dramatic performances in so many iconic roles captivated audiences and critics all over the world. Her successful transition from stage to screen further established Bernhardt as one of the most celebrated actresses in theater and film history. Sarah Bernhardt Fast Facts Full Name:  Henriette-Rosine BernardKnown As: Sarah BernhardtOccupation: ActressBorn:  October 22,  1844 in Paris, FranceParents Names: Julie Bernard; father unknownDied: March 21, 1923 in Paris, FranceEducation: Studied acting at the Paris Conservatory  Spouses Name: Jacques Damala (1882-1889)Childs Name: Maurice BernhardtKey Accomplishments: Bernhardt was one of the most successful actresses of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She toured the world, successfully transitioned from stage to screen and back again, and managed her own theater (Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre Sarah Bernhardt). Sources and Further Reading Verneuil,  Louis. The Fabulous Life of Sarah Bernhardt. London, Harper brothers; Fourth Edition, 1942.Gold, Arthur  and Fizdale, Robert. Divine Sarah: A Life of Sarah Bernhardt. Knopf; First edition, 1991.Skinner, Cornelia Otis. Madame Sarah. Houghton-Mifflin, 1967.Tierchant, Hà ©là ¨ne. Madame Quand mà ªme. Editions Tà ©là ©maque, 2009.

Profitability Measures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profitability Measures - Case Study Example On the other hand, return on assets will show how efficiently and effectively the company’s assets have been used in increasing the company’s returns. From the analysis, it will therefore be feasible to rank the companies in terms of their performance. Q2. Return on equity is a better premise of evaluating the performance of firms than the return on sales. Shareholders who are the providers of capital will only get interested if they get value for their resources. Return on equity is therefore in line with the firm’s objective of wealth maximization. Return on sales shows the proportion of sales that constitutes the profits to the company. It can be subject to manipulation by the management and therefore not a reliable way of assessing management efficiency (Freberg & Boland, 2000). Managers can alter their revenue sources to include only profitable products and customers rather than all its activities. Margins also depend on the capital base. Q3. It is possible that firms, which are profitable, offer negative returns to their shareholders. To a nonprofessional this might look ridiculous though it is possible. Profitable firms may have high obligations on repaying their debts or the directors could enjoy high compensation at the expense of the shareholders. Moreover, the large profits could be retained hence making shareholders fail to feel the profitability of the company. All the criteria used in assessing company’s performance have limitations. The best way of ranking effectiveness should be based on the shareholders wealth

Ethics in Free Market Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics in Free Market Economy - Research Paper Example Social justice issues related to the costs of group membership can come up in any size of a group. Benefits of group membership are also allocated through social justice mechanisms. There are certain distributive principles of social justice out of which Neo-liberal or Libertarian view will be discussed (Barusch, 2009). (Somerville & Sprigings, 2005) The distributive principle of libertarian concept says: From each according to his choice; to each according to his product (Barusch, 2009). Allocation of resources according to a product is central under the libertarian view of distribution. Libertarians believe in liberty over equality. They are of the opinion that inequality is acceptable and fosters social being and welfare in a society. Equal treatment in distribution ultimately leads to unequal distribution of resources. This is the price for freedom and government need not interfere (Barusch, 2009). Libertarians focus on the benefits of a free market over a system controlled by th e government. The reason being a free market society enjoys greater productivity among its workers and greater incentive to generate capital (Barusch, 2009). Free Market Economy Supporters of the free market economy claim that individuals should be allowed to make contracts with others regarding wages and prices and profits. People should be free to compete with each other to gain maximum benefit. They believe that if markets are set free, the outcome will be just and fair distribution of gains and responsibilities in society. People who support a free market economy will never support unregulated markets (Finifter, 2009). Free markets ensure the efficient distribution of goods to those who grab the opportunities to obtain their desired products and services. Free markets operate on people’s demands. They produce only those products which are demanded by the consumers. Consumers set their desired price. Free markets work for people, for the betterment and welfare of the socie ty (Boyes & Melvin, 2009). In free markets, prices are determined by both buyers and sellers in the market.

Tobacco addiction case study

Tobacco addiction case study Nick is a thirty-year-old Caucasian male who recently enrolled in your patient panel. He comes in today because he desires to â€Å"kick the habit† of tobacco use. He had tried to quit before and succeeded twice, only to start up again. He denies any health problems but has a strong family history of COPD and lung cancer. His father died of lung cancer three months ago, and he has been dreaming of him since then. He does not want to end up the same way. Past medical history The patient denies medical problems. He had a vasectomy four years age at his ex-wife’s request, no other surgeries. He has noticed a recurrent morning cough and increased production of mucus over the past two months or so. Medications – none Allergies – none Stage of change – contemplation Diagnosis – tobacco abuse and addiction Patient education Through the use of tobacco, nicotine is one of the most heavily used addictive substances and the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette smoking accounts for around one of every five deaths in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). When a person is addicted to a substance, they have a compulsive urge to seek out and use the substance, even when they understand the harmful effects it can have (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Tobacco products are addictive. With each inhalation of a cigarette the smoker pulls nicotine and other harmful substances into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the blood stream (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is shaped like the natural brain chemical acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a chemical called a neurotransmitter; this carries messages between the brain cells or neurons (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Theses brain cells or neurons have specialized proteins called receptors, into which specific neurotransmitters fit. Nicotine locks into acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine attaches to acetylcholine receptors that release a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is released normally when a person experiences something pleasurable. Smoking causes neurons (brain cells) to release excess dopamine, which is the cause of feelings of pleasure when smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). This effect wears off quickly, causing the smoker to get the urge to light up another cigarette for another dose of the drug (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco, but it is not the only important ingredient (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). People who smoke have a reduction in the level of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain and body. Lower levels of MAO in the brain may lead to higher dopamine levels and this leads to the reason people continue to smoke and continue to get the pleasurable effects from smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Long-term use of nicotine products leads to addiction. The way nicotine is absorbed and metabolized by the body enhances its addictive potential (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Each inhalation brings rapid distribution of nicotine to the brain, but it quickly disappears along with the pleasurable feelings. This triggers the smoker to seek that same pleasurable sensation throughout the day (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Over the course of the day tolerance develops, requiring more frequent doses or higher doses to get the same effect. Nicotine, heroin, and cocaine have similar effects on the brain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Many people who have a nicotine addiction are in denial. They may be social smokers, meaning they only smoke when out with friends, or they believe they can stop when they are ready (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recognizing the signs of addiction is important for the getting over the addiction. Common signs of addiction include requiring increased use of tobacco to get the same satisfaction, experiencing withdrawal when nicotine levels are low, having the desire to quit but not being able to, experiencing cravings and urges to smoke, and continuing to smoke despite being aware of the health risks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The physical symptoms of nicotine addiction are caused by withdrawal. Withdrawal occurs because the brain can no longer naturally produce adequate levels of dopamine. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, frustration, irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and weight gain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Some of the health risks associated with nicotine use include chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), lung cancer, asthma, gum disease, mouth and esophageal cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The carcinogens in tobacco products cause abnormal cell growth that can develop into cancer (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Deciding to quit smoking is the first step toward becoming a non-smoker and better health (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). After quitting, the risk of stroke can be reduced to that of a non-smoker in as little as two years after quitting (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Heart rate and blood pressure return to the non-smoker levels after only two hours of not smoking. The rate of heart disease related to smoking is decreased to fifty percent and the rate of lung cancer is substantially reduced (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Steps to nicotine abuse and addiction recovery that may help are to set a date to quit; this allows the person to get in the mindset to stop (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Knowing the triggers that make the person want to smoke is another important factor. Some triggers commonly observed that increase the desire to smoke are after a meal, while driving, drinking alcohol, boredom, stress, coffee, and being around other people that smoke (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Having a strong support system is another important factor in quitting. Informing the people around the smoker of the decision to quit may help to support the decision as well as holding the smoker accountable for the goal of quitting. It is easier to stop smoking if the people around support the effort to stop smoking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). If the smoker is thinking about quitting, or has made the decision to quit, there are several products to help in the process of quitting and prevent many of the withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement is an alternative to stopping cold. Many people find it easier to use a replacement therapy such as the nicotine patch, inhaler, or nicotine gum. This may make the transition easier and more comfortable for the person trying to quit (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease that often requires repeated interventions and multiple attempts to quit. Effective treatments exist; however, that can significantly increase the rate of long-term abstinence. Counseling and medications are effective when used by themselves. The combination of counseling and medications, however, is more effective than either alone (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Products designed to help quit tobacco abuse and addiction Bupropion SR treatment should begin one to two weeks before the quit date. The starting dose for tobacco cessation is 150mg orally every morning for three days, then 150mg orally twice daily. This dosage should be continued for seven to twelve weeks. For long-term dosage, use of bupropion SR 150 mg for up to six months post-quit may be used (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Common side effects include insomnia and dry mouth. Insomnia may be addressed by taking the evening pill at least eight hours before bedtime, with at least eight hours between doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine gum is available in both regular and flavored forms. The gum dosage is available in two milligrams and four milligram doses. Smokers should use at least one piece every one to two hours for the first six weeks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The gum should be used for up to twelve weeks with no more than twenty-four pieces to be used per day. Common side effects of the gum include mouth soreness, hiccups, dyspepsia, and jaw ache. These effects are generally mild and transient, often caused by the patient’s chewing technique (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). This can be alleviated by correct chewing techniques. The gum should be chewed slowly until taste emerges, then parked between the cheek and gum line to facilitate absorption. The gum should be slowly and intermittently chewed and parked for around thirty minutes or until taste dissipates from the gum (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine Inhalers- A dose from the nicotine inhaler consists of a puff or inhalation. Each cartridge delivers a total of one milligram of nicotine over eighty inhalations (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recommended dosage is six to sixteen cartridges per day. Duration of the therapy is up to six months. Side effects include local irritation in the mouth and throat, coughing, and rhinitis. The severity of the irritation is mild and the frequency of symptoms decline with continuous use (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine lozenges are available in two milligrams and four milligram doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Generally, smokers should use at least nine per day in the first six months of therapy, and should be used for up to twelve weeks, with no more than twenty lozenges used per day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The two milligram is recommended for smokers that have the first cigarette more than thirty minutes after waking. The four milligram is used for patients that have the first cigarette within thirty minutes of waking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The most common side effects include nausea, dry mouth, hiccups, and heart burn. Use of the four milligram lozenges may also cause increased rates of headaches and coughing. The lozenge should be allowed to dissolve in the mouth rather than chewing or swallowing it (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nasal spray- The nicotine nasal spray produces higher peak nicotine levels than other nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) and has the highest dependency potential (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). A dose of the nasal spray consists of one 0.5 mg dose delivered to each nostril (1mg total). Initial dosing should be one spray per hour, increasing as needed for symptom relief (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Minimum dosage is eight doses daily with a maximum of forty doses per day. Each bottle contains around one hundred doses. Recommended duration of therapy is three to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patients should not sniff, swallow or inhale through the nose while administering doses, as this increases irritation. The spray is best delivered with the head slightly tilted back. Users report moderate to severe nasal irritation in the first two days of use. Nasal congestion and transient changes to taste and smell are al so reported (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine patches treatment of eight weeks or less have been shown to be as effective as longer treatment periods (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patches of different doses are available. Dosing regimens should be based on patient characteristics such as amount smoked and degree of dependence (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The step down dosage includes four weeks of twenty-one milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the fourteen milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the seven milligram per day patches (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). There is a single dose regimen available in twenty-two and eleven milligram per day patches for other step down regimens. Up to fifty percent of patients using the patch will experience a local skin reaction. These skin reactions are usually mild and self-limiting, but may be worsened during the course of therapy (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Local treatment with a o ne percent hydrocortisone cream or a five percent triamcinolone cream, and rotation of patch sites may ease the skin irritation. Other side effects of the patches include insomnia and vivid or strange dreams. At the start of each day the patient should place a patch in a relatively hairless area, typically between the neck and waist, rotating the site daily to reduce irritation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patch should be applied as soon as the patient wakes on the quit day. If insomnia is a problem, the patient should remove the patch prior to going to bed (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is an approved non-nicotine agent for smoking cessation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The FDA added a warning regarding the use of this agent. Depressed mood, agitation, changes in behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicide have been reported in patients attempting to quit smoking when using Varenicline (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Any history of psychiatric illness should be discussed before using this medication. Side effects of the medication include nausea, trouble sleeping, and abnormal or vivid dreams (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should start Varenicline one week before the quit date, with a dose of 0.5 milligram daily for three days followed by 0.5 milligram twice daily for four days, followed by one milligram twice daily for three months. Varenicline is approved for maintenance therapy for up to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should quit smoking on day eight, when the dosage is increased to one milligram twice daily. To reduce the insomnia problem, the second dose should be taken at dinner time rather than bedtime. To reduce the nausea, the medication should be taken on a full stomach (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is a non-nicotine medication. The mechanism of action is due to its partial nicotine receptor agonist and antagonistic effects (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Because Varenicline is eliminated almost entirely unchanged in the urine it should be used with caution in patients with severe renal dysfunction. It is not recommended to be used with other nicotine replacement therapies because of its nicotine antagonistic properties (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Plan of treatment Patient will be advised that the increased cough and mucus production is related to the use of tobacco products and that once he no longer smokes the frequency of cough and mucus production will decrease as this is related to irritation in the lungs caused by tobacco use. A smoker’s cough is a persistent cough that develops in long-term smokers. At first it may be dry, but over time it usually produces phlegm. The cough is usually worst upon awakening and improves throughout the day. The airways are lined with tiny hair like cells called cilia, which catch toxins in inhaled air and move them upward toward the mouth to be expelled. Smoking paralyzes these cells. Instead of toxins being caught in transit, toxins enter the lungs and create inflammation. This leads to coughing as the lungs attempt to clear these toxins. As the Celia begins to repair themselves during the night and attempt to remove the accumulated substances from the lungs, the result is coughing upon arising. Thi s cough will usually fade as the Celia is allowed to repair themselves from the abstinence of cigarette smoking. Treatment will consist of smoking cessation counseling and support, Varenicline 0.5 mg daily, starting immediately, orally once daily for three days, then 0.5 mg orally twice daily for four days, followed by one mg orally twice daily for three months. Follow up should be in three days to evaluate side effects and patient response. The next follow-up will be dependent on patient progress and response to medication. The patient will be instructed on the community resources for smoking cessation support groups and how to cope with the stress of not smoking and how to manage daily frustrations related to smoking cessation. Dietary counsel will be offered for possible nutrition advice and weight management. The patient will be encouraged to enroll in an exercise program or to increase physical activities during the initial phase of smoking cessation. A chest x-ray will be ordered, at the patient’s convenience, to rule out COPD or other lung issues. References Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Clinical practice guidelines: Treating tobacco use and dependency. Retrieved from CDC.gov: http://www.bphc.hrsa.gov/buckets/treatingtobacco.pdf Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Smoking and tobacco use. Retrieved from Center for disease control and prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/how_to_quit/you_can_quit/nicotine

Do Aliens exists Essay

Many people think that aliens exist, but others do not agree. We live in a world in which everything is possible. As far as I know, according to the statistics, the public in general tend to believe that the aliens do exist. As for me I tend to consider that the aliens really exist. Let us start by considering the facts. First and foremost, almost every day we watch TV and it is absolutely normal when channels transmits the program about the Unidentified Flying Object. I think if television transmits such programs, it means that these facts are scientifically proven and then people can choose whether believe in it or not. To draw the conclusion, one can say that â€Å"something† really exist. There are a great number of facts of the UFO existence in books, the Internet and TV programs. So it’s up to everybody to decide whether to believe in it or not. I think that in future people and the aliens will even be able to cooperate with each other and make new discoveries. â€Å"Not an encounter with aliens, no. I’ve seen a UFO, about 120 miles north of Toronto, over Lake Muskoka, where I have a cottage,† he admitted. Hellyer said he and his wife had been looking at the stars when they spotted a UFO. â€Å"We watched it until our necks almost broke for about 20 minutes, and it was definitely a UFO because it could change position in the sky by three or four degrees in three or four seconds,† he said. Hellyer went on to say that when he was minister, he received plenty of â€Å"sighting reports,† though about 80 percent of them were â€Å"sights of Venus or of plasma or a dozen other things.† â€Å"But there were 15 percent or 20 percent for which there was no explanation, and they were the genuine unidentified flying objects,† he added. Hellyer said he’s hopeful someone will crack the case and share their findings with the world that aliens do exist. â€Å"There’s just so much evidence, if anybody will take time off to do a little bit of research and  study†¦There’s just a lot of information out there and it doesn’t take very long to get your hands on it.† Lots of people believe in extraterrestrial life forms, but not many can give specific details about what they look like and where they’re living. But that’s just what Paul Hellyer, the now-90-year-old former defense minister of Canada, did in his recent interview with Russia Today, claiming there are 80 different species of alien life, from places like Andromeda, Pleiades and Zeta Reticuli, and some look just like us. â€Å"The latest reports that I’ve been getting from various sources are that there are about 80 different species and some of them look just like us and they could walk down the street and you wouldn’t know if you walked past one,† said Hellyer, who served during the Cold War, who went public with his theories on extraterrestrial life in 2005, The National Post reported. â€Å"They are what we call ‘Nordic Blondes’ and also the Tall Whites who were actually working with the U.S. air force in Nevada. They’re able to get away with that; they had a couple of their ladies dressed as nuns go into Las Vegas to shop and they weren’t detected. †¦ Then there’s the Short Greys as they are called, and they are the ones you see in most of the cartoons, they have very slim arms and legs, they are very short, just a little over 5 feet, and they have a great big head and great big brown eyes. But there are different species and you have to know that they are different species and know that they all are different. If you saw the Short Greys, you’d certainly know there’s something up that you’ve never seen before, but if you saw one of the Nordic Blondes, you’d probably say, â€Å"I wonder if she’s from Denmark or somewhere.† But fear not: Hellyer said most of the aliens who have â€Å"been visiting our planet for thousands of years† are â€Å"benign and benevolent, and they do want to help us, [but] there may be one or two species which do not.† However, he does believe that these species, who have a â€Å"long history† — he said he knows of 50 reports of UFOs during the Cold War — are concerned about unconventional warfare. â€Å"Since we invented the atomic bomb and they are very concerned about that and the fact that we might use it again, and because the Cosmos is a unity and it affects not just us but other people in the Cosmos, they are very much afraid that we might be stupid enough to start using atomic weapons again, and this would be very bad for us and for them as well,† he said.